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Simulations of a Persistent Heat Wave Event in missouri in Summer 2012 Using a High-Resolution WRF Model

Journal of Meteorological Research 2022年第4期36卷 631-642页

作者： Lili ZHU Fengpeng SUN Tim LI Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education(KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change(ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC–FEMD)Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Missouri–Kansas CityKansas CityMissouri 64110USA International Pacific Research Center and Department of Atmospheric Sciences School of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHawaii 96822USA

An extreme and persistent heat wave event hit missouri in summer *** operational forecast models failed to predict such an event at a long *** objective of the current study is to simulate this extreme event using a high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model with eight combined physical(including longwave/shortwave radiation,microphysics,and planetary boundary layer)parameterization *** for one month,the model successfully simulates the spatial pattern and temporal evolution of surface air temperature,compared to in-situ *** interesting feature is an oscillatory development of the surface air temperature,with a pronounced synoptic *** a temperature evolution is consistent with the local zonal wind fluctuation,implying the important role of anomalous temperature *** overall skill score that combines the performance of 2-m air temperature,relative humidity,and precipitation fields is *** result shows that the combination of Thompson,Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for GCMs(RRTMG),and Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino level-3(MYNN3)schemes presents the best WRF simulation.A further analysis of this best simulation shows that the model successfully reproduces the urban heat island(UHI)effect in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area with realistic diurnal variation of 2-m air temperature in the urban and nonurban areas with a larger UHI effect at nighttime.

关键词： 2012 US summer heat wave missouri model evaluation/performance parameterization

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Pre- and Post-Construction Assessment of Nutrient Concentrations at Shallow Water Habitat Restoration Sites on the Lower missouri River

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2013年第3期5卷 249-258页

作者： Nathan J. C. Gosch Dane M. Morris Todd R. Gemeinhardt Joseph L. Bonneau US Army Corps of Engineers Kansas City USA US Army Corps of Engineers Yankton USA

Loss of shallow water habitat (SWH) is hypothesized as a factor contributing to the decline of native missouri River fishes, including the endangered pallid sturgeon. As a result, the restoration of SWH is a high priority in this large river system. Restoration activities often include constructing side channel chutes;however, limited information exists on the potential negative, unintended effects of chute construction activities on water quality. This study was designed to better understand the possible effects of chute construction, both initially and as chute development continues, on missouri River nutrient concentrations. Our first objective was to determine if the addition of sediment from proposed chute locations to river water samples (i.e., elutriate samples) increased nutrient concentrations relative to water-only river samples collected just upstream of the proposed chute locations or river water samples collected from eight long-term water quality monitoring stations. Our second objective was to determine if nutrient concentrations of river samples monitored during 2009 and 2010 increased after water passed through previously-constructed chutes. Nutrient concentrations of elutriate samples were not significantly higher than river water samples collected just upstream of the proposed chute locations;the same was true for missouri River water samples collected from seven of eight long-term water quality monitoring stations. Furthermore, monitoring of nutrient concentrations collected from water samples at the outlet of previously-constructed chutes were not significantly higher than water samples collected at the upstream inlet of these chutes. Our results suggest that individual SWH chute construction projects designed to restore some of the natural form and function of the missouri River are unlikely to significantly increase missouri Rivernutrient concentrations initially or as these chutes continue to develop.

关键词： Shallow Water Habitat missouri River Restoration Nitrogen Phosphorus

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成语from missouri小考

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语言教育 1996年第6期 34-页

作者：李应清

from Missour 系美国成语。据《韦氏新世界美国英语词典》,from Mis-souri 的英语释义是:not easily convinced;skeptical until shown definite proof意即“不轻信”,“获得确凿的证据才相信”。那么 from missouri 为什么可以解释成... 详细信息

from Missour 系美国成语。据《韦氏新世界美国英语词典》,from Mis-souri 的英语释义是:not easily convinced;skeptical until shown definite proof意即“不轻信”,“获得确凿的证据才相信”。那么 from missouri 为什么可以解释成“不轻信”呢?这还得从美国的一段历史谈起。密苏里州首创了挑选法官的《密苏里法》(missouri Plan),后来被其他各州采用。其办法是设立一个提名委员会,由它筛选法官候选人,向任命机关(例如州长)提交候选名单。被任命机关选中担任法官职务的人试用期满后。

关键词： from missouri 英语词典密苏里州提名委员会候选名单确凿的证据 proof until definite 甲洲

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Characterizing Lake Bottom Sediments Using Marine Geophysical Tools

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International Journal of Geosciences 2019年第3期10卷 328-350页

作者： Abdulrahman M. Alotaibi Stanley Nwokebuihe Evegniy Torgashov Adel Elkrry Neil Anderson King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology Riyadh KSA University of missouri for Science and Technology Rolla USA

missouri is a state with rich karst terrain. Geotechnical evaluation of foundation design for bridges and dams requires an understanding of the characteristics of subsurface geological environment, including sediments, bedrock and benthic habitat. It is crucial that the community empowers itself with the knowledge of the karst system’s characteristics in order to potentially use it as a source of water and drainage, but also to avoid the disaster of building constructions too close to vulnerable land on top of massive karst caverns. Electrical resistivity tomography profiling (underwater cables), and continuous resistivity profiling (towed cable) surveys were conducted to characterize the lake sediments (rock and soil) beneath the man-made Little Prairie Lake, in Central of missouri State, United States. Electrical resistivity (with marine cables and towed cable) was used to determine variability in the lithology and thickness of sediments (soil and rock) beneath the lake with conjunction of echo sounder in order to calculate water depth. Side scan sonar was used to map the variations in the lithology/nature of exposed lakebed sediments and to locate the potential hazard of trees. On land, electrical resistivity tomography was used with multi-channel analysis of surface wave method to determine sediments, joints, and the depth of bedrock. Analyses of the acquired data revealed the location and orientation of the original stream channels (prior to the construction of the earth fill dam). Underwater electrical resistivity tomography and continuous resistivity profiling determined joints, sediments, and bedrock underneath water bodies. Integrated marine geophysical tools help to evaluate the subsurface prior to any construction project (dam or bridge), are useful in determining the characteristics of lithology (fractured rock, intact rock and soil), and make it possible to map benthic habitat and the submerged potential hazards of trees on the lakebed as well as accura

关键词： Marine Electrical Resistivity Side Scan Sonar Characterize Sediments Water Depth Fractures missouri

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Agent Orange Chemical Plant Locations in the United States and Canada: Environmental and Human Health Impacts

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2022年第8期12卷 363-426页

作者： Kenneth R. Olson David R. Speidel U.S. Army Vietnam Era Veteran and Professor Emeritus of Soil Science in Department of Natural Resources College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA US Army Iraq Mosul and Balad Iraq Foreign Agricultural Service Baqubah and Mahmudiyah Iraq Foreign Agricultural Service Washington DC USA

During the Vietnam War, millions of liters of six tactical herbicides were sprayed on the southern Vietnam landscape to defoliate forests, to clear military perimeters and to destroy enemy food supplies. The environmental and human health impacts of spraying these herbicides, especially Agent Orange and those formulated with mixtures that included 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) which was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetracholorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) have been documented over the last 60 years. The dioxin TCDD clean-up efforts at former military bases and other Vietnam hotspots are ongoing. However, the lesser-told story was the environmental and human health impacts on the communities and chemical plant workers who manufactured Agent Orange and other herbicides that became contaminated with dioxin TCDD in the manufacturing processes at seven locations in the United States and one site in Canada. The pollution at these chemical plant sites, adjacent rivers and groundwater is well known within each affected state or province but not widely recognized beyond their localities. In this paper we assess the national long-term effects on land, groundwater and river resources where Agent Orange and other agricultural herbicides containing 2,4,5-T with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD were manufactured, transported, and temporarily stored. The sites where residual tactical herbicides with contaminated by-products were applied to public lands or disposed of by military and civilian workers within the United States and Canada are identified. After 60 years, these communities are still paying the price for the U.S. Government, DOD and USDA decisions to provide and use agricultural herbicides as tactical chemical weapons during the Vietnam War (1962-1971). There have been human health issues associated with the chemical manufacture, transport, storage and disposal of these herbicides related to workers who moved these chemical weapons from United States and Canada to SE

关键词： Dioxin TCDD Arsenic Chemical Plant Workers Chloracne Cancer Herbicides Cacodylic Acid Monsanto Dow Nitro Midland Elmira Uniroyal Times Beach missouri Gagetown Incineration Certified Landfill Environmental Covenants

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Origin of Mountain Passes across Continental Divide Segments Surrounding the Southwest Montana Big Hole and Beaverhead River Drainage Basins, USA

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Open Journal of Geology 2017年第9期7卷 1362-1385页

作者： Eric Clausen Jenkintown PA USA

The evolution of southwest Montana’s Big Hole and Beaverhead River drainage basins is determined from topographic map evidence related to mountain passes crossing what are today high altitude drainage divides including North America’s east-west Continental Divide. Map evidence, such as orientations of valleys leading away from mountain passes (and saddles) and barbed tributaries found along the downstream drainage routes, is used to reconstruct flow directions of streams and rivers that once crossed the present-day high mountain divides. Large south-oriented anastomosing complexes of diverging and converging channels are interpreted to have eroded what are today closely spaced passes and saddles now notched into high mountain ridges. Water in those south-oriented channels is interpreted to have flowed across emerging mountains and subsiding basins. Headward erosion of deeper southeast-oriented valleys, assisted by crustal warping, concentrated south-oriented water in fewer and deeper valleys as the water flowed from southwest Montana into what are today Idaho and the Snake River drainage basin. Headward erosion of the Big Hole River valley between the emerging Anaconda and Pioneer Mountains, also assisted by crustal warping, reversed all Big Hole Basin drainage so as to create the north-, east-, and south-oriented Big Hole River drainage route. A final and even more major reversal of flow in the present-day north-oriented Montana missouri River valley, with the assistance of additional crustal warping, next ended all remaining flow to Idaho and the Snake River drainage basin and reversed and captured all drainage in the present-day north-oriented Big Hole, Beaverhead, and Red Rock River drainage basins. The observed map evidence indicates that prior to the final flow reversal events, large volumes of south-oriented water flowed across southwest Montana’s Big Hole and Beaverhead River drainage basins.

关键词： Anaconda Range Drainage Basin Origins missouri River Drainage Basin Monida Pass Salmon River Snake River Topographic Map Interpretation

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Importance of Bromine-Substituted DBP’s in Drinking Water

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2013年第8期5卷 28-34页

作者： Lisa Wulff Enos Inniss Tom Clevenger Water Resources Research Center University of Missouri-Columbia Columbia USA

Significant fractions of bromine-substituted disinfection byproducts (DBPs)—particularly trihalomethanes (THMs)— have been observed to form during treatment of water from the missouri River. THM speciation was also noted to follow a seasonal pattern during a 2.5-year period, during which samples were collected multiple times per month. Although some treatment processes were effective at reducing the chloroform formation potential, no treatment used at this utility significantly reduced the formation of the three bromine-substituted THM species. Using chloramination rather than free chlorination for secondary disinfection, however, was effective at limiting increases in the concentration of all four regulated THM species in the distribution system.

关键词： Disinfection By-Products Bromine missouri River Treatment Chlorination Chloramination

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Analysis of Mountains Passes along the East-West Continental Divide and Other Drainage Divides Surrounding the Boulder River Drainage Basin, Jefferson County, Montana, USA

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Open Journal of Geology 2017年第11期7卷 1603-1624页

作者： Eric Clausen Independent Researcher Jenkintown PA USA

Detailed topographic maps of drainage divides surrounding the Jefferson County, Montana, Boulder River drainage basin were analyzed to determine the nature of drainage systems that preceded today’s Boulder River drainage system and how the Boulder River drainage system evolved from those earlier drainage systems. The Boulder River studied here drains in a north, east, and south direction to the Jefferson River, which at Three Forks, Montana joins the north-oriented Madison and Gallatin Rivers to form the north-oriented missouri River. The North American east-west Continental Divide surrounds the Boulder River drainage basin western half and mountainous drainage divides with the Jefferson and missouri Rivers surround the drainage basin’s eastern half. More than 25 deep mountain passes are notched into these drainage divides and provide evidence of the regional drainage system that preceded the present day Boulder River drainage system. Analysis of pass elevations and of orientations of valleys leading in opposite directions from those mountain passes shows that prior to Boulder River drainage system development immense volumes of south-oriented water moving in anastomosing complexes of diverging and converging channels flowed across the Boulder River drainage basin area and that the Boulder River drainage system evolved as deeper channels progressively captured flow from shallower channels. While not documented in detail crustal warping probably raised Boulder River drainage basin areas relative to adjacent valleys and basins as capture events took place. A water source was not determined, but may have been from a large North American continental ice sheet, although Boulder River drainage basin evolution probably occurred while mid Tertiary sediments were filling adjacent valleys and basins.

关键词： Anastomosing Channel Complex Clark Fork Jefferson River missouri River Silver Bow Creek

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Upper Sun River Drainage Basin Origin Determined by Topographic Map Interpretation Techniques: Lewis and Clark and Teton Counties, Montana, USA

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Open Journal of Geology 2019年第5期9卷 257-277页

作者： Eric Clausen Independent Researcher Jenkintown PA

A new and fundamentally different regional geomorphology paradigm in which massive south- and southeast-oriented meltwater floods flowed across the entire missouri River drainage basin is tested by interpreting detailed topographic maps of the Montana upper Sun River drainage basin region by trying to explain origins of previously unexplained or poorly explained erosional landforms located upstream from Sun River Canyon (which cuts across Montana’s north-to-south oriented Sawtooth Range). Mountain passes, through valleys, and other drainage divide low points along what are today high mountain ridges, including the North American east-west continental divide, are interpreted to be evidence of drainage routes that once crossed the region. These drainage divide crossings suggest that prior to erosion of present-day upper Sun River drainage basin valleys, massive floods moved in south directions across what are today the north-oriented Middle and South Fork Flathead River drainage basins into today’s upper Sun River drainage basin area and carved a complex of diverging and converging channels into what was probably a low relief surface now represented by the crests of the region’s highest mountain ridges. Further, the map evidence shows how a diverging complex of south- and southeast-oriented upstream Sun River drainage basin flood flow channels changed flow direction to cross the Sawtooth Range in a northeast direction before converging on the Montana plains at a location downstream from Sun River Canyon. The observed upper Sun River drainage basin area topographic map evidence is consistent with the new geomorphology paradigm predictions, in which massive south-oriented meltwater floods flowing across the rising rim of a continental ice sheet created deep “hole” (created by deep ice sheet erosion and ice sheet weight caused crustal warping) are diverted to flow in northeast and north directions into and across deep “hole” space being opened up by ice sheet melting.

关键词： Dearborn River Flathead River missouri River Montana Sawtooth Range Mountain Pass Origin New Geomorphology Paradigm Transverse Drainage

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