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Quantitative analysis of the impact of droughts and floods on internal wars in China over the last 500 years

Science China Earth Sciences 2017年第12期60卷 2078-2088页

作者： Harry F.LEE David D.ZHANG PEI qing JIA Xin Ricci P.H.YUE Department of Geography and International Center for China Development Studies The University of Hong Kong School of Geographical Sciences Guangzhou University Department of Social Sciences The Education University of Hong Kong School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences Nanjing University

Although many large-N quantitative studies have evidenced the adverse effects of climatic extremes on social stability in China during the historical period, most of them rely on temperature and precipitation as major explanatory variables, while the influence of floods and droughts on social crises is rarely measured. Furthermore, a comparison of the climate-society nexus among different geographic regions and at different temporal scales is missing in those studies. To address this knowledge gap,this study examines quantitatively the influence of floods and droughts on internal wars in three agro-ecological(rice, wheat,and pastoral) regions in China in AD1470–1911. Poisson regression and wavelet transform coherence analyses are applied to allow for the non-linear and non-stationary nature of the climate-war nexus. Results show that floods and droughts are significant in driving internal wars in historical China, but are characterized by strong regional variation. In the rice region, floods trigger internal wars at the inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales. In the wheat region, both floods and droughts cause internal wars at the inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales. In the pastoral region, internal wars are associated with floods only at the multi-decadal time scale. In addition, the multi-decadal coherence between hydro-climatic extremes and internal wars in all three of the agro-ecological regions is only significant in periods in which population density is increasing or the upper limit of regional carrying capacity is being reached. The above results imply that the climate-war nexus is mediated by regional geographic factors such as physical environmental setting and population pressure. Hence, we encourage researchers who study the historical human-climate relationship to boil down data according to geographic regions in the course of statistical analysis and to examine each region individually in follow-up studies.

关键词： Floods and droughts Climatic extremes Internal wars Wars Social stability ming-qing period

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Behind ＂Burning＂： Women Writers＇ Self-Censorship and Self-Promotion

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Frontiers of Literary Studies in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2012年第4期6卷 490-510页

作者： Yanning Wang epartment of Modem Languages and Linguistics Florida State University Tallahassee FL32306-1540 USA

This article examines the phenomenon of women writers burning their own manuscripts, which took place during the ming-qing period. By analyzing women＇s poems and biographies of women, this study explores the reasons and implications behind ＂burning.＂ The self-censorship embodied by ＂burning＂ was geared towards protecting female virtue or enabling women writers to express their intense personal emotions while promoting an ideal public self-image. For example, due to their gender and class-consciousness, upper-class women tended to portray themselves as virtuous ladies, whereas, in contrast, courtesan writers were fascinated with the power of love. However, the act of burning manuscripts could both lead to partial loss of an author＇s works and imbue her writing with the tantalizing aura of an unfulfilled promise, thereby immortalizing the manuscripts that had almost been turned to ashes and publicizing the work of the formerly obscure author. In this sense, the ＂burning＂ is transformed into a literary conceit which promotes women＇s writings instead of destroying them. This article demonstrates the dual functions of manuscript burning by ming-qing women： self-censorship and self-promotion.

关键词： burning manuscripts women ming-qing period self-censorship,self-promotion

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Regional Society and Xiangzu (Rural Lineage) Theories:Socioeconomic History from a Comparative Perspective

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Social Sciences in China 2021年第1期42卷 182-192页

作者： Zheng Zhenman Mori Masao Wang Wen’e Department of History Xiamen University Nagoya University Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Library

Today’s Chinese and Japanese scholars have maintained close dialogues and exchanges in their research on ancient Chinese *** socioeconomic history of the Jiangnan region during the ming and qing dynasties involves two important research areas:regional history and socioeconomic *** the former embraces a holistic macro-view,the latter lays stress on the economic and social behavior of *** past years,endeavors to combine the two areas have produced a number of influential general conclusions on the social development of Jiangnan during the ming and *** Mori Masao,a Japanese scholar,has provided an in-depth interpretation of the theory of regional society,while Professor Zheng Zhenman,a Chinese scholar,has responded in terms of xiangzu ***-term dialogues and exchanges in the international academic world that inspire theoretical innovation in studies of earlier societies can serve as a valuable source for the intellectual community.

关键词： ming-qing period Jiangnan region socio-economic history regional society theory xiangzu(rural lineage)theory

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从赋役规制到市场机制：明清福建永福县山场产权制度的演变

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经济史 2023年第4期

作者：郑鹏程

山场确权存在“纳税控产”和“界址之争”两种形式，不同时期各有侧重。明中后期，赋役改革推动了山区生计模式的多元化转型，并使丁税成为山场的分配依据，山税作为法律凭证。清初摊丁入地后，山场失去分配依据，山林交易和纠纷日益增... 详细信息

山场确权存在“纳税控产”和“界址之争”两种形式，不同时期各有侧重。明中后期，赋役改革推动了山区生计模式的多元化转型，并使丁税成为山场的分配依据，山税作为法律凭证。清初摊丁入地后，山场失去分配依据，山林交易和纠纷日益增多。在山林经济繁荣的背景下，各家族强化对山场的集体控制，并以界址信息重建山场边界的排他性。这一演变过程的内在逻辑，是从国家赋役体系规制转向市场机制。丁税消失后，山税仅作为产权的法律凭证，而山场交易、家族控产所表达的主要是对经济权利的诉求，这是山场产权制度中法律权利弱化，经济权利凸显的表现。

关键词：明清时期永福县山场产权赋役界址 ming-qing period Yongfu County mountain land property rights taxes system boundary

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