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Extinctions,Morphological Gaps,Major Transitions,Stem Groups,and the Origin of Major Clades,with a Focus on Early Animals

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2022年第6期96卷 1821-1829页

作者： XIAO Shuhai Department of Geosciences Virginia TechBlacksburgVirginia 24061USA

Systematic extinctions can leave major morphological gaps between living crown-group clades.Such morphological gaps would be perceived,from a neontological point of view,as major evolutionary transitions.In order to fill these morphological gaps and to map the evolutionary steps toward major evolutionary transitions,we need to integrate extinct stem-group taxa in phylogenetic studies.However,the recognition of stem group has not been widely adopted in the study of early animal fossils,despite that all fossils are stem groups at one level or another.Part of the difficulty is that stem groups may not have all features that collectively diagnose the respective crown group,and they can have unique(autapomorphic)features,making them tantalizingly similar to and frustratingly different from the crown group(e.g.,stemgroup eukaryotes can be prokaryotic and stem-group animals can be protistan).The need to embrace stem groups and to implement the PhyloCode,in order to achieve phylogenetic clarity and to offer key paleontological insights into the origin and early animal evolution,is illustrated in debates on several controversial Ediacaran and Cambrian fossils.

关键词： metazoan Ediacaran Cambrian evolutionary radiation stem group crown group

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metazoan Parasites of Clariid Fishes, Lake Victoria: Reflection of the Original Fauna in the Lake?

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Natural Science 2014年第9期6卷 651-658页

作者： Chacha J. Mwita Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries University of Dar Es Salaam Dar Es Salaam Tanzania

A total of 32 parasite species were documented from 658 clariid fishes examined. Thirteen species were nematodes, eleven digeneans, three cestodes, two crustaceans, and the Monogenea, Acanthocephala and Hirudinea were each represented by one species. Of the parasites recovered 16 were identified to species level, 12 to genus and 4 parasites were not identified. Most of the parasites recorded in the present study have been reported in fish ofTanzaniaand elsewhere, however, there were a few first records, and these included Neogoezia sp., Comephoronema sp., Travnema sp., Quimperia sp. and Gendria tilapiae. It is stipulated that these parasites represent the original fauna of the lake prior to introduction of the alien species. The clariid fish species investigated were a good model for studying the parasites of fish in the lake because of having a variety of parasites some of which being specific to certain clariid fishes, for instance Diplostomum and Tylodelphys species infecting only C. gariepinus and the camallanids being typical of the clariid fishes.

关键词： metazoan Parasites Clariid Fishes Lake Victoria Tanzania

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metazoan Parasites of the Mediterranean Garfish <i>Belone belone gracilis</i>(Teleostei: Belonidae) as a Tool for Stock Discrimination

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Open Journal of Marine Science 2015年第3期5卷 324-334页

作者： Manel Chaari Mariam Feki Lassad Neifar Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques Département des Sciences de la vie Faculté des Sciences de Sfax Université de Sfax Sfax Tunisie

The aim of the present study was to provide a current survey of metazoan parasites of the Mediterranean garfish Belone belone gracilis Lowe, 1839 off Tunisian coast and their potential use as biological tags for discriminate stocks. Parasitological analysis of 453 specimens of B. b. gracilis along the eastern Tunisian coast revealed the presence of ten species of metazoan parasites: one monogenean Axine belones Abildgaard, 1794;four digeneansLecithostaphylus retroflexus (Molin, 1859), Tergestia acanthocephala (Stossich, 1887) Stossich, 1899, Aponurus laguncula Looss, 1907 and Condylocotyla pilodora(metacercaria) Pearson et Prévot, 1985;one copepod Bomolochus bellonesBurmeister, 1835;two isopods Irona nana Schioedte et Meinert, 1884 andNerocila orbignyi (Guérin-Méneville, 1832);1 acanthocephalan Telosentis exiguus (Von Linstow, 1901) and one nematod Anisakid larvae. Discriminant analysis using parasites as biological tags, allowed identifying two stocks ofB. b. gracilis. Digenea L. retroflexus, A. laguncula and Anisakid larvae were the most important species in determining the position of sampled fishes from the central coast off Tunisia. Metacercaria C. pilodora characterized specimens from the Southern coast off Tunisia. These results were corroborated by comparing parameters of prevalence and mean abundance between zones. Discriminant analysis used for the separation of B. b. gracilis between seasons in both localities showed that a seasonal variation affected mainly specimens from the center suggesting seasonal move of fishes.

关键词： Belone belone gracilis metazoan Parasites Stock Discrimination Tunisian Coast Mediterranean Sea

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Advances in phylogenetic studies of Nematoda

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2002年第1期47卷 10-15页

作者： WU Jihua LIANG Yanling ZHONG Yang FU Cuizhang CHEN Jiakuan Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering of the Ministry of Education Institute of Biodiversity ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai 200433China Institute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430072China

Nematoda is a metazoan group with extremely high diversity only next to Insecta. Caenorhabditis elegans is now a favorable experimental model animal in modern de-velopmental biology, genetics and genomics studies. However, the phylogeny of Nematoda and the phylogenetic position of the phylum within animal kingdom have long been in debate. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies gave great challenges to the traditional nematode classification. The new phylog-enies not only placed the Nematoda in the Ecdysozoan and divided the phylum into five clades, but also provided new insights into animal molecular identification and phyloge-netic biodiversity studies. The present paper reviews major progress and remaining problems in the current molecular phylogenetic studies of Nematoda, and prospects the devel-opmental tendencies of this field.

关键词： Nematoda metazoan phylogeny molecular phylogeny.

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Effect of Locality, Host Species and Sex on the metazoan Parasitic Infestation of Two, Species of <i>Scarus</i>Fish from the Red Sea Coast at Jeddah and Rabigh in Saudi Arabia

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2018年第3期8卷 252-258页

作者： Areej O. Bakhraibah Zoology Department Jeddah Faculty of Science Al Faisaliah King Abdelaziz University Jeddah KSA

A total number of 60 specimens of two different species of Scarus fish caught from the Red Sea coast at Jeddah (30) and Rabigh (30) cities in Saudi Arabia were examined to determine their metazoan parasitic fauna, their prevalences, and mean intensities. Collected parasites were identified as, Isopoda (praniza larva of Gnathia sp.), Copepoda (Hatschekia sp.) Monogenea (Diplectanum sp.) and Digenea (Lecithoclaster and Bucephalus spp). Out of 30 specimens of fish caught from Jeddah coast 13 (43.4%) were infested by 90 parasites comprising of two parasite species, praniza larva and Hatschekia sp., with prevalence of infestation 40% and 3.33%, and mean intensity 7 and 6 parasites per fish respectively. 19 (63.3%) of Scarus fish caught from Rabigh coast were infested by 205 parasites representing 4 parasite spp. Diplectanum sp. represents the most commonly encountered parasite with prevalence (53.3%) and mean intensity (10.94%), followed by (Lecithoclaster sp. then praniza larva, prevalances (16.66% and 13.3%) and mean inentisities (3.4. and 1.75) respectively. Bucephalus sp. showed the minor, prevalence (3.33%) and mean intensity (6). Generally Scarus fish species from Rabigh had higher prevalence and mean intensity (63.3% and 7.59%) than Scarus fish species from Jeddah (43.4% and 6.92%). Female fish from Jeddah showed no parasitic infestation, while males were infested (prevalence 65% and mean intensity 6.92). Female fish from Rabigh had higher prevalence (84.21) and lower intensity (6.43) than males which showed prevalence (27.27%) and intensity (19). Relationship between parasitic infestation and fish species and sex were also studied in the two different localities and discussed.

关键词： Scarus Fish metazoan Parasites Prevalence Intensity Fish Species Fish Sex Red Sea

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A Fresh Look at Dickinsonia:Removing It from Vendobionta

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2006年第5期80卷 636-642页

作者： Joachim REITNER Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum Abteilung Geobiologie Universitt Gttingen 37077 Gttingen Germany

The Ediacaran Dickinsonia is well-known for being the only fossil to be assigned to many phyla,ranging from lichens,Cnidaria,Platyhelminthes,Annelida,and a phylum of its own to a nonmetazoan kingdom.A new specimen from the Ediacaran fine-grained sandstone on the Winter Coast of the White Sea in northern Russia,which has an age of ~555 million years ago,preserved convincing internal anatomies of definite animals,comparable with meridional canals of extant ctenophores(comb jellies).Additionally,we reconsidered Dickinsonia as a biradially symmetrical animal rather than a bilateral one as previously thought.The animal nature of Dickinsonia is,thus,well established and its affinities are most probably allied to ctenophores.This research is not only removing Dickinsonia from Vendobionta,but also bringing the fossil record of ctenophores forward to 20 million years before the Cambrian “explosion”.

关键词： Dickinsonia Ctenophora Vendobionta metazoan Ediacara biota Ediacaran

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