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Effects of mesopotamian Marsh (Iraq) desiccation on the cultural knowledge and livelihood of Marsh Arab women

Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2016年第3期2卷 14-30页

作者： Nadia Al-Mudaffar Fawzi Kelly P.Goodwin Bayan A.Mahdi Michelle L.Stevens Department of Biological Development of Shatt Al-Arab and North Arabian Gulf Marine Science CentreUniversity of BasrahBasrahIraq Millennium Relief and Development Services Nongovernmental OrganizationBasrahIraq Environmental Studies Department California State UniversitySacramentoCalifornia 95819 USA

In this study,we evaluate ecological and cultural resiliency in response to desertification of the mesopotamian marshes of Southern *** research illustrates that the desiccation of the marshes has caused a drastic change in how Marsh Arab women interact with their environment;specifically,in comparison to the predesiccation period,women’s roles are increasingly limited to domestic rather than marsh-dependent *** the exception of raising water buffalo and limited horticulture activities,most families today have little opportunity to utilize women’s ability to generate income by applying their traditional ecological knowledge and ***,these women are no longer transmitting their marsh-specific knowledge and skills to the next generation,and these valuable and ancient cultural memories are being *** dam construction,drought,and regional climate change is depriving Marsh Arab communities of marsh eco-system services such as potable water,water buffalo forage,fish yields,and reed *** marsh areas,where enough water remains to sustain ecosystem services(such as in Chibayish and the Iraq Marshlands Na-tional Park),cultural knowledge has been retained and passed on to the next *** recommend that programs be implemented to preserve these traditional skills,to develop a market for handicrafts to support women and their families,and to support cultural ***,with the passing of the older genera-tion,these remnants of ancient Sumerian knowledge systems and traditional ways of life will soon be forgotten.

关键词： cultural resilience ecosystem services historic ecology Iraq Marsh Arab women mesopotamian marshes traditional ecological knowledge

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