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Evolution of gustatory reflex systems in the brainstems of fishes

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Integrative Zoology 2009年第1期4卷 53-63页

作者： Thomas E.FINGER Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Colorado DenverAuroraUSA

The great number of species of teleosts permits highly specialized forms to evolve to occupy particular niches.This diversity allows for extreme variations in brain structure according to particular sensory or motor adaptations.In the case of the taste system,goldfish(Carassius auratus L.,1758)and some carps have evolved a specialized in-traoral food-sorting apparatus along with corresponding specializations of gustatory centers in the brainstem.A comparison of circuitry within the complex vagal lobe of goldfish,and of the simpler gustatory lobes in catfish(Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque,1818)shows numerous similarities in organization and neurotransmitters.Double labeling studies using horseradish peroxidase and biotinylated dextran amine in catfish shows a direct projection from the vagal lobe to the motoneurons of nucleus ambiguus which innervate oropharyngeal musculature.Therefore,a three neuron reflex arc connects gustatory input to motor output.In the vagal lobe of goldfish,a similar three neuron arc can be identified:from primary gustatory afferent,to vagal lobe interneuron,thence to dendrites of the vagal motoneurons that innervate the pharyngeal muscles.Therefore,despite large differences in the gross appearance of the vagal gustatory systems in the brains of catfish and goldfish,the essential connectivity and circuitry is similar.This suggests that evolutionary change in the central nervous system largely proceeds by rearrangement and elaboration of existing systems,rather than by addition of new structures or circuits.

关键词： evolution medulla nucleus of the solitary tract taste vagus nerve.

Sex differences in estrogen receptor promoter expression in the area postrema

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Neural Regeneration Research 2013年第2期8卷 149-155页

作者： Chunxiao Zhang Tomohiro Hamada Department of Physiology Norman Bethune College of Medicine Jilin University Department of Physiology Nippon Medical School

Estrogen receptor a is widely distributed in the rat brain, but the tissue- or target-specificity of the estrogen receptor a gene promoters remains unknown. In the present study, we used transgenic rats expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein under the control of the estrogen receptor a 0/B promoter to examine expression driven by this promoter in two significant nuclei that regulate cardiovascular activity, the area postrema and the nucleus tractus solitarius. Immunohistochemistry showed that enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled cells were distributed in the area postrema and the nucleus tractus solitarius of both female and male transgenic rats, and a neural network of enhanced green fluorescent protein-positive fibers was seen between the area postrema and the nucleus tractus solitarius. The number of enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled cells in the area postrema of female rats was significantly higher than in the males, but no significant difference was found in the number of enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled cells in the nucleus tractus solitarius. The sex differences in the number of enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled cells in the area postrema was not affected after ovariectomy or 1713-estradiol benzoate treatment in adult rats. Our results suggest that the effects of estrogen in the area postrema are related to the expression of estrogen receptor a under the control of the 0/B promoter, and changes in the sex hormone environment in the adult period do not affect estrogen receptor a expression in the area postrema or the nucleus tractus solitarius.

关键词： neural regeneration basic research estrogen receptor a promoter green fluorescent protein sexdifferences area postrema nucleus tractus solitarius medulla estrogen rats grant-supportedpaper photographs-containing paper neuroregeneration

CYTOARCHITECTURE AND DENDROARCHITECTURE OF SYMPATHOADRENAL PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN RATS——A STUDY WITH CB-HRP

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Science China Chemistry 1990年第1期33卷 50-59,129-130页

作者：邹建云万选才 Department of Anatomy Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing 100730 PRC

The cytogrchitecture and dendroarchitecture of sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons (SAPN) that innervate the adrenal medulla have been studied in adult rats. Retrograde transport of choleragen subunit B horseradish peroxidase conjugate (GB-HRP) injetted into the left adrenal medulla resulted in the labelling of SAPN in the ipsilateral intermediate zone from T1 to L1 segments. Four subnuclei of SAPN were distinguished and located in ILP, ILF, IC and ICPe of the spinal cord respectively. The dendritic trees of neurons in ILP exhibited dendritic patterns with extension oriented longitudinally and mediolaterally. The present findings provide detailed descriptions of the somatic structure and accompanying dendritic trees of SAPN. The observations also include anatomical evidence that two systems of circuits may exist in regulating the actiVities of SAPN; one is the classic core circuits system which mainly received the inputs from fibers in parallel direction with longitudinal dendrites in ILP and the

关键词： sympathetic preganglionic neurons CB-HRP adrenal medulla dendrites.

Motor recovery in a patient with an infarct in the medullary pyramid via the corticospinal tract passing through the small spared area within the infarcted medullary pyramid

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Neural Regeneration Research 2011年第15期6卷 1185-1188页

作者： Hyeok Gyu Kwon Sung Ho Jang Department of Physical Therapy Graduate School of Rehabilitation ScienceDaegu University Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation College of MedicineYeungnam University

The present study reported a 58-year-old male patient who exhibited complete paralysis of the right extremities at stroke onset.Brain MR images showed an infarct in the left medullary pyramid and a small spared area on the medial side of the infarct.He gained the ability to extend the affected fingers against gravity and to dorsiflex the affected ankle without gravity at 3 months after stroke onset.Diffusion tensor imaging results showed that at 6 months after stroke onset,the corticospinal tract of the affected（left） hemisphere descended through the small spared area of the infarcted medullary pyramid.No motor-evoked potential was elicited from the affected（left） hemisphere at 2 weeks after stroke onset; however,motor-evoked potential was elicited at 6 months as shown by transcranial magnetic stimulation results.The motor function of the affected side of this patient appears to have been recovered via the corticospinal tract that passed through the small spared area within the infarcted medullary pyramid.

关键词： diffusion tensor tractography diffusion tensor imaging corticospinal tract stroke medulla

Morphology of the medullary visceral zone

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1999年第1期44卷 1-10页

作者： Zhiren Rao Gong Ju Fourth Mil Med Univ Inst Neurosci Xian 710032 Peoples R China

Since 1990, a series of studies on rats, monkeys and human foetus showed that an arcshaped zone is present in the middle-caudal segment of medulla oblongata, running from the dorsomedial part to the ventrolateral part and passing through the reticular formation. It was named the medullary visceral zone (MVZ). The MVZ has been investigated with various techniques (Golgi method, Nissl method, immunohistochemical method, in situ hybridization method, triple labelling method, neurophysiological method, etc. ), and the morphological features as well as the physiological functions of MVZ have been preliminarily understood. It is proved that the medullary life center is located in MVZ.An introduction and some comments are given on the location of MVZ, its shape and extent, cytoarchitecture, and chemicoarchitecture, afferent and efferent fiber connections and their functions, and its important physiological functions.

关键词： medullary visceral zone medullary life center medulla oblongata.

Postsynaptic responses of the thoracic sympathetic preganglionic neurons to electrical stimulation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla in cats

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Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA(China) 1999年第1期14卷 5-11页

作者：戎伟芳

Objective: To study the characteristics of the postsynaptic potentials in thoracic sympatheticpreganglionic neurons (SPNs) evoked by electrical stimulation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM ) incats. Methods: In 11 α--chloralose/urethane anesthetized, artificially ventilated cats, intracellular recordings weremade from T, spinal cord with microelectrodes filled with 3 mol/L KCl. SPNs were identified by antidromicstimulation of the T3 white ramus. Results: Twenty--four SPNs were recorded, the resting membrane potentials ofwhich ranged between -- 45 -- -- 90 mV. The onset latency and threshold of the antidromic action potentialsaveraged (6. 48 + 0. 89) ms and (2. 86 + 0. 37) V respectively. Single pulse (0. 2 ms. 50-- 300 PA) electricalstimulation of RVLM evoked fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (eEPSPs) with short latencies (4--47 ms) inall the 24 SPNs. In 11 of the SPNs, EPSPs with longer latencies (IEPSPs, 70-- 140 ms) were also recorded. Mostof the eEPSPs and some of the IEPSPs were typical monosynaptic EPSPs as they were of constant onset latency.Conclusion: The results provided direct physiological evidence for that some RVLM sympathoexcitatory neuronsproject monosynaptically to thoracic SPNs. The descending pathways from RVLM may consist of two distinctgroups of fibers, the conduction velocities were calculated to be 5--25 m/s and 0. 78-- 1. 6 m/s respectively.

关键词： rostral ventrolateral medulla sympathoexcitatory neurons sympathetic preganglionic neurons intracellular recording cat

Fos expression　incatecholaminergic　medullary　neu-rons　induced　by　chemical　stimulation　of　stomach　projecting　to　the　paraventricular　nucleus　of　hypothalamus　in　rats

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 1997年第2期3卷 15-17页

作者： DONG Yuan Xiang, XIONG Kang Hui, RAO Zhi Ren and SHI Ji Wu

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Ｆｏｓｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｉｎｃａｔｅｃｈｏｌａｍｉｎｅｒｇｉｃｍｅｄｕｌａｒｙｎｅｕｒｏｎｓｉｎｄｕｃｅｄｂｙｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｔｏｍａｃｈｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｐａｒａｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｌａｒｎｕｃｌｅｕｓｏｆｈ...

关键词： medulla oblongata paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus neurons immunochemistry

Medicine in the future-with subspecialists in medullary neurology and brain dentistry

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World Journal of Neurology 2015年第4期5卷 107-112页

作者： J Howard Jaster Department of Medicine London Corporation

The solitary tract nucleus of the medulla with its limited watershed vascular capacity may occasionally be the focus of transient ischemia caused by the increased metabolic demands associated with frequent and intense neuronal stimulation from other organs and other parts of the brain. Case reports have suggested that these ischemic changes may sometimes result in the initiation of intense autonomic discharges, which can occasionally be fatal. Therapeutic interventions for the medulla oblongata are hamperedby its limited accessibility. Systemically administered pharmaceuticals may have some usefulness in future years. Previous experience with vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy suggests that it may have some usefulness in stabilizing medullary autonomic discharges. Computerized electronic stimulation of other cranial nerves may be helpful as well, especially the chorda tympani nerve, and may be most easily accomplished from implanted dental appliances, especially molar modules, transmitting signals via secondary transmitters procedurally placed on cranial nerves. Future technology may enable wireless signaling from the implanted dental appliance to the secondary transmitter placed at the nerve site. By the year 2050 subspecialists in medullary neurology and brain dentistry may use computerized electronic stimulation of cranial nerves to prevent sudden unexpected death and treat "chest pain from the brain".

关键词： Solitary tract nucleus Ischemic autonomic umbra medulla oblongata Molar module Chorda tympani nerve medullary brain lesion medullary neurology Chest pain from the brain Sudden unexpected death Brain dentistry Vagus nerve stimulation

Electron microscopic radioautographic study on mitochondrial RNA synthesis in adrenal cortical and medullary cells of aging mice

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Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2011年第3期4卷 219-234页

作者： Tetsuji Nagata 不详

In order to study the aging changes of intramito-chondrial RNA synthesis of mouse adrenal cells, 10 groups of developing and aging mice, each consisting of 3 individuals, total 30, from fetal day 19 to postna-tal newborn at day 1, 3, 9, 14, adult at month 1, 2, 6 and senescent animals at month 12 (year 1) and 24 (year 2) were injected with 3H-uridine, an RNA pre-cursor, sacrificed 1 hr later and the adrenal tissues were fixed and processed for electron microscopic radioautography. On electron microscopic radio-autograms obtained from each animal, the number of mitochondria per cell, the number of labeled mito-chondria with 3H-uridine showing RNA synthesis per cell and the mitochondrial labeling index in each adreno-cortical cells, in 3 zones, as well as in each adreno-medullary cells, 2 types of cells in the medulla, the adrenalin cells and the noradrenalin cells, were calculated and the results in respective aging groups were compared with each others. The results demon-strated that the number of mitochondria in adreno-cortical cells in 3 zones, the zona glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticularis of respective mice at vari-ous ages increased from fetal day 19 to postnatal month 1 reaching the plateau from month 1 to 24 due to development and aging of animals, respectively, while the number of labeled mitochondria per cell and the labeling index of intramitochondrial RNA synthesis incorporating 3H-uridine increased from fetal day 19 to postnatal month 2, reaching the maxima and decreased slightly from month 6 to month 24. On the other hand, the number of mito-chondria per cell in the medulla increased from fetal day 19 to postnatal month 1 reaching the plateau from month 1 to 24, while the number of labeled mi-tochondria per cell and the labeling index of in-tramitochondrial RNA synthesis increased from fetal day 19 to postnatal day 14, reaching the maxima and decreased from month 1 to 24. From the results, it was demonstrated that the activity of intramitochno-drial RNA synthesis in both the cortical and me-dullar

关键词： Mouse Mitochondria Adrenal Cortex and medulla EM Radioautography RNA Synthesis