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Assessing the Crop Growing Period According to the Climate Change Forecasts for Marina Baixa (SE Spain)

Agricultural Sciences 2015年第9期6卷 1079-1088页

作者： Mario Herrera Hassane Moutahir Carlos Alberto González Esteban Chirino Juan Bellot Department of Life Sciences University State Amazonia Puyo Ecuador Department of Ecology University of Alicante Alicante Spain Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies “Ramón Margalef” University of Alicante Alicante Spain AdMobilze.Computer Vision Engineer Miami FL USA Faculty of Natural Resources Polytechnic Higher School of Chimborazo (ESPOCH) Riobamba Ecuador

The present work aims to assess the likely effects of climate change on the length of growing period (LGP) of crops in Marina Baixa (SE, Spain). LGP can be assessed by a balance between preci- pitation and reference evapotranspiration. Less rainfall and an increased evapotranspiration, forecast by Global Climate Models (GCMs), are considered as a high risk for agriculture. This area is located in a semiarid climate region where water is a very limited resource. It is a typical example of areas where the agricultural sector has to compete for water with the tourism industry. In this context, by using observed and projected precipitation data set (model HadCM3, Scenario A2), calculating reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and applying the frequency analysis of a probability-type method, we estimated the growing period length in the observed period (1961-1990) and three 30-year future periods (2011-40, 2041-70 and 2071-99) in the study area. The results show a drop in annual precipitations (-?30%) and an increased ETo (+18%) towards the end of this century with respect to the observed period (mean annual rainfall: 356 mm;mean ETo: 1476 mm). The results also show a decrease in the number of decades (10 days) when precipitation exceeds half of the ETo, which means shorter growing periods as the 21st century advances. This expected reduction in growing period length towards the end of the present century will imply that many rainfed crops, like olives, almonds and cereals, will require a higher irrigation water supply to maintain suitable growth and performance levels. The results are an early warning to manage water resources in Marina Baixa in a sustainable way.

关键词： Climate Change Growing Period Frequency Analysis Semiarid Mediterranean

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Evaluation of Some Radioactive Materials and Heavy Metals in Marine Environment of Alexandria Coastline, Egypt

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2014年第17期5卷 1618-1629页

作者： E. R. Atta Kh. M. Zakaria Egyptian Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority Cairo Egypt

The present work is carried out to obtain quantitative information of some natural radioactive materials and heavy metals in water and sediment samples along the Alexandria Coastline, as a step to construct the baseline map of the background radioactivity level in the Egyptian environment and also as a base data to assess the future physicochemical changes of surface coastal water and sediment in the studied area. The distribution of natural gamma emitting radionuclides such as 238U, 232Th and 40K has been established by gamma spectrometry. The results show that the area of Alexandria coast is affected by the existence of high back-ground radiation from the Rashid coast at the eastern side which has high levels of radioisotope concentrations due to black sand deposits which are dominant in this area. The absorbed dose rate (D, nGy·h-1), annual effective dose equivalent, external hazard index (Hex) and representative level index (Ir) of the investigated radioactive materials were calculated. The concentration of Pb2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Zn2+ and Cr3+ ions has been determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The total dissolved solids (TDS) in water samples ranged from 33,000 mg/l to 42,000 mg/l, the salinity ranged from 37.9% to 40.5% and pH ranged from 7.6 to 7.9. Some of the sediment quality guidelines are calculated and they are the metal pollution index (MPI), the contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cdeg), and Pollution load index (PLI).

关键词： Mediterranean Sea Water Sediment Radioactive Materials Heavy Metals Sediment Quality Guidelines

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Interaction between karstic aquifers and allogenic rivers: The aquifer of the national park of the ephemeral river Lobos Canyon (Spain)

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Natural Science 2013年第2期5卷 296-312页

作者： Eugenio Sanz Pérez Ignacio Menéndez Pidal Rafael Segovia Rosales Applied Geology Laboratory Civil Engineering Higher Technical School Polytechnic University of Madrid Madrid Spain

A methodology is described for understanding the interaction of karstic aquifers with allogenic rivers, where little information is available. This methodology includes conventional hydrogenology methods tracer tests and measurements of flow into, out of and circulating within the karstic system. The method is designed to understand the hydrogeological behaviour of a river in sufficient detail, given a short study period. The methodology is applied to a karstic system in Spain, obtaining useful, quantitative results for a hydrological year, such as an estimate of the water balance, differentiation between autogenic and allogenic natural recharge, relationship and connection between the river and the aquifer, and measurements of infiltration capacity in watercourses under different hydrological situations. The paper deals with a useful example that could be applied to other rivers and aquifers where few data are available. It can be applied to aquifers under a natural regime and Mediterranean climate.

关键词： River-Aquifer Relationship. Water Balance Natural Recharge Karst Hydrology Mediterranean Climate

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Present Tectonic Setting and Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Seismicity in the Apennine Belt

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International Journal of Geosciences 2015年第4期6卷 429-454页

作者： Enzo Mantovani Marcello Viti Daniele Babbucci Caterina Tamburelli Nicola Cenni Massimo Baglione Vittorio D’Intinosante Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche della Terra e dell’Ambiente Università degli Studi di Siena Siena Italy Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche Geologiche e Ambientali Università degli Studi di Bologna Bologna Italy Settore Sismica Regione Toscana Firenze Italy

In previous papers, we have argued that a close connection may exist between the discontinuous northward displacement of the Adria plate and the spatio-temporal distribution of major earthquakes in the?periAdriatic?regions?[1]-[3]. In particular, five seismic sequences are tentatively recognized in the post 1400 A.D. seismic history, each characterized by a progressive migration of major shocks along the eastern (Hellenides, Dinarides), western (Apennines) and northern (Eastern Southern Alps) boundaries of Adria. In this work, we describe an attempt at gaining insights into the short-term evolution of the strain field that underlies the migration of seismicity in the Apennine belt. The results of this study suggest that seismicity in the study area is mainly conditioned by the fact that the outer (Adriatic) sector of the Apennine belt, driven by the Adria plate, is moving faster than the inner (Tyrrhenian) belt. This kinematics is consistent with the observed Pleistocene deformation pattern and the velocity field inferred by GPS data. The spatio-temporal distribution of major shocks during the last still ongoing seismic sequence (post 1930) suggests that at present the probability of next major shocks is highest in the Northern Apennines. Within this area, we suggest that seismic hazard is higher in the zones located around the outer sector of the Romagna-Marche-Umbria units (RMU), since that wedge is undergoing an accelerated relative motion with respect to the inner Apennine belt. This hypothesis may also account for the pattern of background seismicity in the Northern Apennines. This last activity might indicate that the Upper Tiber Valley fault system is the most resisted boundary sector of the RMU mobile wedge, implying an higher probability of major earthquakes.

关键词： Seismotectonics Seismic Hazard GPS Apennines Mediterranean

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Diffusion of Sustainable Construction Practices. A Case of International Cooperation

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Open Journal of Energy Efficiency 2013年第1期2卷 46-52页

作者： Andrea Giachetta Katia Perini Adriano Magliocco Department of Architectural Sciences University of Genoa Genoa Italy

Data shows that buildings play an important role in the field of energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. The exchange of information among different countries is a key element to promote a wider diffusion of practices for sustainable development in the fields of architecture and urban planning, contributing to the improvement of new skills and economic and production activities, while also reducing the environmental impact of construction on the territory. An international cooperation can lead an exchange of experiences and practices, which could play a fundamental role since countries can have similar problems to deal with, as it happens for the specific identity of the Mediterranean territory in coastal and rural areas. This paper analyses a case of international cooperation, the project SCORE, “Sustainable COnstruction in Rural and fragile areas for energy Efficiency”, financed under the European MED Programme with the purpose to promote sustainable energy policies in the construction sector on fragile coastal and rural Mediterranean areas.

关键词： Sustainable Construction Energy Efficiency International Cooperation Mediterranean Areas

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Spatial pattern of landscape changes and consequence changes in species diversity between 1956-1999 of Pinus halepensis Miller plantations in Montes de Malaga State Park (Andalusia, Spain)

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Open Journal of Ecology 2012年第3期2卷 154-165页

作者： Rafael Maria Navarro-Cerrillo José Ramón Guzmán-álvarez Inmaculada Clavero-Rumbao Carlos Ceaceros Department of Forestry Engineering University of Cordoba Cordoba Spain

Changes in forest diversity and the transforma- tion of coniferous plantations into more natural woodlands are of special interest in the Medi- terranean. The aim of this study was to investi- gate changes in land use patterns and vegeta- tion cover from 1956 to 1999 in Pinus halepensis Miller plantations in Montes de Málaga State Park in southern Spain. At the landscape level, a FRAGSTAT analysis was performed using aerial photographs. At the community level, a total of 47 sample plots were analyzed. Field measure- ments indicated the presence of a total of 70 species in the different vegetation types sam- pled. Shannon-Wiener (H), and Simpson’s (D) diversity indices showed the greatest species richness in Aleppo pine plantations (H = 1.54 ± 0.2;D = 3.88 ± 0.6), while Holm oak stands in the forested areas (H = 1.37 ± 0.1;D = 3.35 ± 0.6) and agricultural land (H = 1.33 ± 0.01;D = 2.80 ± 0.03) had lower values. FRAGSTATS analyses at land- scape and community levels indicated increases in patch richness, patch number, and percent of landscape mainly for pine plantations, Holm oak forests and shrub habitats. Replacement of agri- culture by conifer plantations led to the homo- genization of landscape structure. This change has modified the landscape by facilitating the recovery of indigenous tree species including Holm oak, which will likely lead to the future establishment of native forests in this area. Our findings suggest that pine plantations could fa- vour woody species diversity by increasing abundance and species richness in contrast to the situation in non-forested agricultural land.

关键词： Diversity Fragmentation Landscape Metrics Vegetation Cover Mediterranean Ecosystem

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Diagnostic Study of a Severe Thunderstorm over Jeddah

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2013年第1期3卷 150-164页

作者： A. K. ALKhalaf H. Abdel Basset Department of Meteorology Faculty of Meteorology Environment and Arid Land Agriculture King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Several aspects of the interaction between midlatitude and subtropical systems are investigated using a case study and a potential vorticity (PV) framework. Our case study occurred on 25 November 2009;Jeddah and other regions in Western Saudi Arabia were hit by heavy rainstorms. The analysis of absolute, relative, and potential vorticity implies the significance of the lower level dynamics in the initiation of this case of cyclogenesis. The impact of the severe convective weather process caused more than 90 millimeters of rain to fall in Jeddah in just four hours. The analysis indicates that the heavy rainfall was due to the existence of an upper level cold trough in the Eastern Mediterranean and a warm blocking high situated over southeasternSaudi Arabiaand theArabian Sea. In addition, an evident low level shear line set up in the northwest of Jeddah, and the southeast movement of the shear line caused dynamic lifting and unstable energy release over Jeddah. The water vapor transport occurred primarily below 700 hPa, and a low level jet transported the water vapor from the Red Sea to centralSaudi Arabia. Furthermore, the blocking high in southernSaudi Arabiawas favorable for maintaining water vapor passage for a long time. The topography of Jeddah also played a role in the enhancement of convection.

关键词： Potential Vorticity Cyclogenesis Convection Topography Jeddah Blocking: Eastern Mediterranean

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Hydrological Structure, Circulation and Water Mass Transport in the Gulf of Cadiz

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International Journal of Geosciences 2011年第4期2卷 432-456页

作者： Jose Miguel Rodrigues Alves Xavier Carton Isabel Ambar Instituto Dom Luiz Centro de Geofisica LPO UBO/IFREMER/CNRS/IRD Centro de Oceanografia

Hydrological and LADCP data from four experiments at sea (Semane 1999, 2000/1 2000/3, 2001) are used to describe the structure and circulation of Mediterranean Water in the Gulf of Cadiz. These data were gathered on meridional sections along 8?20′W and 6?15′W and between these longitudes on a zonal section along 35?50′N. The mesoscale and the submesoscale structures (Mediterranean Water Undercurrents, meddies, cyclones) observed along these sections are characterized in terms of thermohaline properties and of velocity. The transports of mass and salt in each class of density (North Atlantic Central Water, Mediterranean Water, North Atlantic Deep Water) are computed with an inverse model. The model indicates a general eastward flux in the Central Water layer, and a westward flux in the Mediterranean Water layer, but there is also a horizontal recirculation and entrainment in these two layers, as well as strong transports associated with the meddy and cyclone found during Semane 1999.

关键词： Mediterranean Water Gulf of Cadiz Hydrology Water Masses Regional Scale Circulation Inverse Model Transport

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