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mass extinction and Pangea integration during the Paleozoic-Mesozoic transition

Science China Earth Sciences 2013年第10期56卷 1791-1803页

作者： YIN HongFu SONG HaiJun State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of Geosciences

The greatest Phanerozoic mass extinction happened at the end-Permian to earliest Triassic. About 95% species, 82% genera, and more than half families became extinct, constituting the sole macro-mass extinction in geological history. This event not only caused the great extinction but also destroyed the 200 Myr-long Paleozoic marine ecosystem, prompted its transition to Mesozoic ecosystem, and induced coal gap on land as well as reef gap and chert gap in ocean. The biotic crisis during the Paleozoic-Mesozoic transition was a long process of co-evolution between geospheres and biosphere. The event sequence at the Permian-Triassic boundary （PTB） reveals two-episodic pattern of rapidly deteriorating global changes and biotic mass ex- tinction and the intimate relationship between them. The severe global changes coupling multiple geospheres may have affect- ed the Pangea integration on the Earth＇s surface spheres, which include： the Pangea integration→enhanced mountain height and basin depth, changes of wind and ocean current systems; enhanced ocean basin depth→the greatest Phanerozoic regression at PTB, disappearance of epeiric seas and subsequent rapid transgression; the Pangea integration→thermal isolation effect of continental lithosphere and decrease of mid-ocean ridges→development of continental volcanism; two-episode volcanism causing LIPs of the Emeishan Basalt and the Siberian Trap （25%251 Ma）→global warming and mass extinction; continental aridification and replacement of monsoon system by latitudinal wind system→destruction of vegetation; enhanced weathering and CH4 emission→negative excursion of δ^13C; mantle plume→crust doming→regression; possible relation between the Illawarra magnetic reversal and the PTB extinction, and so on. Mantle plume produced the Late Permian LIPs and mantle convection may have caused the process of the Pangea integration. Subduction, delamination, and accumulation of the earth＇s cool lithospheric material at the ＂D＂ layer of CMB st

关键词： Permian-Triassic boundary mass extinction Pangea integration multi-sphere coupling mantle plume

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The microfacies and sedimentary responses to the mass extinction during the Permian-Triassic transition at Yangou Section, Jiangxi Province, South China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2014年第10期57卷 2195-2207页

作者： TIAN Li TONG JinNan SUN DongYing XIONG YanLin WANG ChengGang SONG HaiJun SONG HuYue HUANG YunFei State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of Geosciences Tourism and Land Resources Faculty of Jiujiang University Wuhan Center of Geological Survey China Geological Survey

A Permian-Triassic(P-Tr) boundary section of continuous carbonate facies, which well recorded the biotic and environmental processes through the great P-Tr transition in the shallow non-microbialite carbonate facies, has been studied in Yangou, Leping County, Jiangxi Province. The P-Tr sequence is well correlated with the Meishan section according to the conodont biostratigraphy and the excursion of carbon isotopes. A series of high-resolution thin-sections from the P-Tr boundary carbonate rocks at the Yangou section are studied to explore the interrelation between environmental change and biological evolution during the transitional time. Six microfacies have been identified based upon the observation of the thin-sections under a microscope on the grains and matrix and their interrelation. Combined with the data of fossils and carbon isotopes, Microfacies 4(MF-4), coated-grain-bearing foraminifer oolitic sparitic limestone, and Microfacies 6(MF-6), dark shelly micritic limestone, should be the different responses to the two episodes of mass extinction and environmental events that can be correlated throughout South China and even over the world. The oolitic limestone of MF-4 is the first finding from the latest Permian strata in South China and it might be a proxy of an unusual environmental condition of high pCO2, low sulfate concentration and of microbial blooming in the aftermath of the latest Permian mass extinction. The micritic limestone of MF-6 containing rich micro-gastropods and ostracods probably represents the blooming event of disaster taxa in the earliest Triassic environment. The microfacies analysis at the Yangou section can well reveal the episodic process of the biological evolution and environmental change in the shallow non-microbialite carbonate facies throughout the great P-Tr transition, thus the Yangou section becomes an important complement to the Meishan section.

关键词： Permian-Triassic transition microfacies mass extinction sedimentary response Yangou Jiangxi Province

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mass extinction——A Fundamental Indicator for Major Natural Divisions of Geological History

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 1988年第1期1卷 1-12页

作者： Xu Daoyi Zhang Qinwen Sun Yiyin Institute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau, Beijing Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing Institute of Geology, Academia Sinica, Beijing Institute of Geology State Seismological Bureau Beijing China

In the Phanerozoic, there are three major geological boundaries: Precambrian/***/Triassic and Cretaceous/Tertiary. Studies of these boundaries in China and over the world stronglysuggest that they have the following similar features: mass extinctions of many taxa, positive anomalies ofplatinum-group metals, and abrupt changes of stable isotopes (δ13C). It is quite probable that these were theconsequences of some rare catastrophic events of extraterrestrial origin. Hence, the three above-mentionedmass extinction events may be regarded as key indicators for the division of the geological history of thePhanerozoic.

关键词： mass extinction A Fundamental Indicator for Major Natural Divisions of Geological History

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End-Guadalupian mass extinction and negative carbon isotope excursion at Xiaojiaba,Guangyuan,Sichuan

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Science China Earth Sciences 2012年第9期55卷 1480-1488页

作者： WEI HengYe CHEN DaiZhao YU Hao WANG JianGuo Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of ScienceBeijing 100029China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

The end-Paleozoic biotic crisis is characterized by two-phase mass extinctions;the first strike,resulting in a large decline of sessile benthos in shallow marine environments,occurred at the end-Guadalupian *** order to explore the mechanism of organisms' demise,detailed analyses of depositional facies,fossil record,and carbonate carbon isotopic variations were carried out on a Maokou-Wujiaping boundary succession in northwestern Sichuan,SW *** data reveal a negative carbon isotopic excursion across the boundary;the gradual excursion with relatively low amplitude(2.15‰) favors a long-term influx of isotopically light 12 C sourced by the Emeishan basalt trap,rather than by rapid releasing of gas *** temporal coincidence of the beginning of accelerated negative carbon isotopic excursion with onsets of sea-level fall and massive biotic demise suggests a cause-effect link between *** volcanic activity of the Emeishan trap and sea-level fall could have resulted in detrimental environmental stresses and habitat loss for organisms,particularly for those benthic dwellers,leading to their subsequent massive extinction.

关键词： mass extinction Emeishan trap sea-level fall carbon cycle end-Guadalupian Guangyuan SW China

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Rapid Carbonate Depositional Changes Following the Permian-Triassic mass extinction: Sedimentary Evidence from South China

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Journal of Earth Science 2015年第2期26卷 166-180页

作者： Li Tian Jinnan Tong David Bottjer Daoliang Chu Lei Liang Huyue Song Haijun Song State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of Geosciences Department of Earth Sciences University of Southern California

Various environmental changes were associated with the Permian-Triassic mass extinction at 252.2 Ma. Diverse unusual sediments and depositional phenomena have been uncovered as responses to environmental and biotic changes. Lithological and detailed conodont biostratigraphic correlations within six Permian-Triassic boundary sections in South China indicate rapid fluctuations in carbonate deposition. Four distinct depositional phases can be recognized：（1） normal carbonate deposition on the platform and slope during the latest Permian; （2） reduced carbonate deposition at the on- set of the main extinction horizon; （3） expanded areas of carbonate deposition during the Hindeodus changxingsensis Zone to the H. parvus Zone; and （4） persistent mud-enriched carbonate deposition in the aftermath of the Permian-Triassic transition. Although availability of skeletal carbonate was significantly reduced during the mass extinction, the increase in carbonate deposition did not behave the same way. The rapid carbonate depositional changes, presented in this study, suggest that diverse environmental changes played key roles in the carbonate deposition of the Permian-Triassic mass extinction and onset of its aftermath. An overview of hypotheses to explain these changes implies enhanced terrestrial input, abnormal ocean circulation and various geobiological processes contributed to carbonate saturation fluctuations, as the sedimentary response to large volcanic eruptions.

关键词： Permian-Triassic mass extinction carbonate sedimentary response environmental change.

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Palaeogeographic variation in the Permian-Triassic boundary microbialites:A discussion of microbial and ocean process esafter the end-Permian mass extinction

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2017年第2期6卷 97-107页

作者： Stephen Kershaw Department of Life Sciences Brunel University Kingston Lane Uxbridge UB8 3PH UK

Shallow marine carbonate sediments that formed after the end-Permian mass extinction are rich in a thin(maximum ca.15 m) deposit of *** communities that constructed the microbialites have geographic variability of composition,broadly divisible into two groups:1) eastern Tethys sites are calcimicrobe-dominated(appearing as thrombolites in the field),with rare occurrence of sedimentconstructed microbialites and uncommon cements either within microbial structure or as inorganic precipitates,2) other Tethys sites are sediment-dominated structures forming stromatolites and thrombolites,composed of micrites and cements,with some inorganic *** other Tethys locations include western and central Tethys sites but their palaeogeographic positions depend on the accuracy of continental reconstructions,of which there are several *** contrast to geographic variation of microbialites,the conodont Hindeodus parvus,which appeared after the extinction and defines the base of the Triassic,is widespread,indicating easy lateral migration throughout *** animals were active nekton,although being small animals were presumably at least partly carried by water currents,implying active Tethyan surface water circulation after the extinction ***-extinction ammonoid taxa,presumed active swimmers,show poor evidence of a wide distribution in the Griesbachian beds immediately after the extinction,but are more cosmopolitan higher up,in the Dienerian strata in *** shelly fossils also have poorly defined distributions after the extinction,but ostracods show some wider distribution suggesting migration was possible after the *** there is a contrast between the geographic differences of microbialites and some shelly *** the cause of geographic variation of post-extinction microbialites is problematic and may include one or more of the following possibilities:1) because calcifying microbial organisms th

关键词： Stromatolite Thrombolite Microbialite Permian-Triassic boundary Conodonts Tethys mass extinction

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The large increase of δ^(13)C_(carb)-depth gradient and the end-Permian mass extinction

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Science China Earth Sciences 2012年第7期55卷 1101-1109页

作者： SONG HaiJun TONG JinNan XIONG YanLin SUN DongYing TIAN Li SONG HuYue State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China

Carbonate carbon isotope （δ^13Ccarb） has received considerable attention in the Permian-Triassic transition for its rapid negative shift coinciding with the great end-Permian mass extinction event. The mechanism has long been debated for such a c~ δ^13Ccarb negative excursion through the end-Permian crisis and subsequent large perturbations in the entire Early Triassic. A δ^13Ccarb depth gradient is observed at the Permian-Triassic boundary sections of different water-depths, i.e., the Yangou, Meishan, and Shangsi sections, and such a large δ^13Ccarb-depth gradient near the end-Permian mass extinction horizon is believed to result from a stratified Paleotethys Ocean with widespread anoxic/euxinic deep water. The evolution of δ^13Ccarb-depth gradient com- bined with paleontological and geochemical data suggests that abundant cyanobacteria and vigorous biological pump in the immediate aftermath of the end-Permian extinction would be the main cause of the large δ^13Ccarb-depth gradient, and the enhanced continental weathering with the mass extinction on land provides a mass amount of nutriment for the flourishing cyanobacteria. Photic zone anoxia/euxinia from the onset of chemocline upward excursion might be the direct cause for the mass extinction whereas the instability of chemocline in the stratified Early Triassic ocean would be the reason for the delayed and involuted biotic recovery.

关键词： Permian-Triassic boundary carbon isotope ocean stratification bioproductivity biological pump mass extinction

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Late Ordovician mass extinction caused by global warming or cooling?

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Acta Geochimica 2020年第5期39卷 595-598页

作者： Renqiang Liao Weidong Sun Institute of Oceanology Center for Ocean Mega-ScienceCenter of Deep Sea ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266237China

The Late Ordovician mass extinction(LOME)was the first global extinction with the destruction of 85%of marine ***,the cause of LOME is still *** studies attribute it to large-scale volcanism caused by global cooling or *** analyzing the driving difference between global cooling and warming on large-scale magmatism,the perspective is intended to evoke a hot discussion on the cause of *** global cooling or warming trigger the LOME?

关键词： Late Ordovician mass extinction Volcanism Glaciation

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Combination Features,Paleobiogeographic Affinity and mass extinction of the Latest Ordovician(Hirnantian) Rugosan Fauna from Northern Guizhou,China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2007年第1期81卷 23-41页

作者： HE Xinyi CHEN Jianqiang XIAO Jingyi China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 Qinghai Normal University Xining Qinghai 810008

The rugosan fauna from the Guanyinqiao Bed （latest Ordovician, Hirnantian） of northern Guizhou, China is known to belong to the cold or cool-water type corals. The components of the fauna are solitary corals only, and corallite septa are generally strongly dilated, especially the streptelasmatid corals are dominant comprising 98% of the whole fauna. The Guanyinqiao Bed is rich in rugosans of 18 genera, which are streptelasnmtid Streptelasma （=Helicelasma）, Brachyelasma, Amplexobrachyelasma, Salvadorea, Grewingkia, Borelasma, CrassUasma, Leolasma, KenophyUum, UUernelasma, Paramplexoides, Siphonolasma, Pycnactoides, Dalmanophyllum, Bodophyllum, Axiphoria, Lambeophyllum and cystiphyllid Sinkiangolasma. Although this fauna was fairly abundant in a confined area （northern-northeastern Guizhou, southern Sichuan） during the Hirnantian age, the rugosan mass extinction （generic extinction rate 81%） happened at the end of the Hirnantian Stage. It is conduded that the mass extinction is related to the ending of maximum glaciation and ice cap melting in Gondwana in the southern hemisphere in the latest Hirnantian, resulting in rapid global sea-level rise in the earliest Silurian. In the Upper Yangtze Basin, the sea bottom environments were replaced by anoxic and warmer water during that time, so that the cool-water type rugosan became extinct. The present paper attempts to revise some already described rugose coral genera and species （He, 1978, 1985） and to supplement a few new forms from the Guanyinqiao Bed. Fourteen species of 12 genera are re-described and illustrated, of which one species- Grewingkia latifossulata is new. As a whole, the rugosan fauna of the Guanyinqiao Bed may be correlated with those contemporaneous of North Europe, Estonia and North America, indicating a dose biogeographic affinity to North Europe.

关键词： Rugosa cool-water type corals paleobiogeographic affinity mass extinction latest Ordovician northern Guizhou

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Coevality of the sea-level fall and main mass extinction in the Permian-Triassic transition in Xiushui, Jiangxi Province, southern China

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2014年第3期3卷 309-322页

作者： Ya-Sheng Wu Xiao-Hong Yuan Hong-Xia Jiang Li-Jing Liu Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research CAS Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Huabei Oilfield Company

A continuous Permian-Triassic boundary （PTB） section has been found and studied for the first time in Xiushui, Jiangxi Province, South China. Evidence for a large sealevel fall has been found in the horizon of 0.8 m below the PTB, from the beginning of Hindeodus changxingensis zone （correlatable to Hindeodus typicalis Zone of the Meishan section）. Sedimentary record indicates that the sea level kept at Iowstand, or occasionally rose slowly during the whole Hindeodus parvus zone, except another substantial sea-level fall in early H. parvus zone. It began a quick rise from the beginning of Isarcicella staeschei zone, kept rising for the whole/, staeschei zone, and probably caused the stagnation of sea water. The first severe change in the biota, marked by the sudden disappearance of all steno- tropic organisms such as fusulinids and dasycladacians, happened at the same time as the first sea-level fall, and is regarded as the first and main episode of the end-Permian mass extinction in this area. A microbe-dominated biota followed the first extinction, and spanned the late H. changxingensis zone and the whole H. parvus zone. All the microbes and some other eurytropic organisms including gastropods and ostracods disappeared at the end of the H. parvus zone, and the following biota in the/. staeschei zone is very simple. The coevality of the main sea-level fall and the main extinction episode might be causal： both of them might be caused by a drastic climatic cooling.

关键词： sea-level fall mass extinction Permian-Triassic boundary end-Permian climatic cooling South China

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