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Performance Evaluation ofMulti-Agent Reinforcement Learning Algorithms

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 2024年第2期39卷 337-352页

作者： Abdulghani M.Abdulghani Mokhles M.Abdulghani Wilbur L.Walters Khalid H.Abed Department of Electrical&Computer Engineering and Computer Science Jackson State UniversityJacksonMS 39217USA

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning(marl)has proven to be successful in cooperative assignments.marl is used to investigate how autonomous agents with the same interests can connect and act in one team.marl cooperation scenarios are explored in recreational cooperative augmented reality environments,as well as realworld scenarios in robotics.In this paper,we explore the realm of marl and its potential applications in cooperative assignments.Our focus is on developing a multi-agent system that can collaborate to attack or defend against enemies and achieve victory withminimal damage.To accomplish this,we utilize the StarCraftMulti-Agent Challenge(SMAC)environment and train four marl algorithms:Q-learning with Mixtures of Experts(QMIX),Value-DecompositionNetwork(VDN),Multi-agent Proximal PolicyOptimizer(MAPPO),andMulti-Agent Actor Attention Critic(MAA2C).These algorithms allow multiple agents to cooperate in a specific scenario to achieve the targeted mission.Our results show that the QMIX algorithm outperforms the other three algorithms in the attacking scenario,while the VDN algorithm achieves the best results in the defending scenario.Specifically,the VDNalgorithmreaches the highest value of battle wonmean and the lowest value of dead alliesmean.Our research demonstrates the potential formarl algorithms to be used in real-world applications,such as controllingmultiple robots to provide helpful services or coordinating teams of agents to accomplish tasks that would be impossible for a human to do.The SMAC environment provides a unique opportunity to test and evaluate marl algorithms in a challenging and dynamic environment,and our results show that these algorithms can be used to achieve victory with minimal damage.

关键词： Reinforcement learning RL multi-agent marl SMAC VDN QMIX MAPPO

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Rock Types and Reservoir Characteristics of Shahejie Formation marl in Shulu Sag, Jizhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin

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Journal of Earth Science 2021年第4期32卷 986-997页

作者： Jingwei Cui Xuanjun Yuan Songtao Wu Ruifeng Zhang Song Jin Yang Li Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development CNPCBeijing 100083China Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoirs CNPCBeijing 100083China National Energy Tight Oil and Gas R&D Center Beijing 100083China Exploration Department of PetroChina Huabei Company Renqiu 062552China Hebei Institute of Geological Survey Shijiazhuang 050081China

Due to the complicated lithology in the ES3 Member of the Shahejie Formation in the Shulu sag,Jizhong depression,it is difficult to classify the rock types and characterize the reservoirs at the marl intervals.In this paper,a four-element classification method has been proposed,and seven rock types have been identified by analyzing the mineral composition.The primary rock types are medium-high organic carbonate rocks and medium-high organic shaly-siliceous carbonate rocks.With the methods of field emission scanning electron microscopy,high-pressure mercury intrusion,nitrogen adsorption,and nano-CT,four types of reservoir spaces have been identified,including intra-granular pores,intergranular pores(inter-crystalline pores),organic pores,and micro-fractures.By combining the method of high-pressure mercury intrusion with the method of the nitrogen adsorption,the porosity of the marl has been measured,ranging from 0.73%to 5.39%.The distribution of the pore sizes is bimodal,and the pore types are dominated by micron pores.Through this study,it has been concluded that the sag area to the east of Well ST1H is the favorable area for the development of self-sourced and self-reservoired shale oil.According to the results of geochemical and reservoir analysis,the III Oil Group may have sweet spot layers.

关键词： marl shale oil play rock types tight reservoir Bohai Bay Basin

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Effects of oil contamination and bioremediation on geotechnical properties of highly plastic clayey soil

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2021年第3期13卷 653-670页

作者： Araz Salimnezhad Hossein Soltani-Jigheh Ali Abolhasani Soorki Department of Civil Engineering Ozyegin UniversityCekmekoyIstanbul34794Turkey Department of Civil Engineering Azarbaijan Shahid Madani UniversityTabrizIran ACECR-Research Institute of Applied Sciences Shahid Beheshti UniversityTehranIran

Leakage of oil and its derivatives into the soil can change the engineering behavior of soil as well as cause environmental disasters.Also,recovering the contaminated sites into their natural condition and making contaminated materials as both environmentally and geotechnically suitable construction materials need the employment of remediation techniques.Bioremediation,as an efficient,low cost and environmentalfriendly approach,was used in the case of highly plastic clayey soils.To better understand the change in geotechnical properties of highly plastic fine-grained soil due to crude oil contamination and bioremediation,Atterberg limits,compaction,unconfined compression,direct shear,and consolidation tests were conducted on natural,contaminated,and bioremediated soil samples to investigate the effects of contamination and remediation on fine-grained soil properties.Oil contamination reduced maximum dry density(MDD),optimum moisture content(OMC),unconfined compressive strength(UCS),shear strength,swelling pressure,and coefficient of consolidation of soil.In addition,contamination increased the compression and swelling indices and compressibility of soil.Bioremediation reduced soil contamination by about 50%.Moreover,in comparison with contaminated soil,bioremediation reduced the MDD,UCS,swelling index,free swelling and swelling pressure of soil,and also increased OMC,shear strength,cohesion,internal friction angle,failure strain,porosity,compression index,and settlement.Microstructural analyses showed that oil contamination does not alter the soil structure in terms of chemical compounds,elements,and constituent minerals.While it decreased the specific surface area of the soil,and the bioremediation significantly increased the mentioned parameters.Bioremediation resulted in the formation of quasi-fibrous textures and porous and agglomerated structures.As a result,oil contamination affected the mechanical properties of soil negatively,but bioremediation improved these properties.

关键词： Oil contamination Bioremediation Geotechnical properties Clay mineralogy Soil microstructure Highly plastic soil Fine-grained clayey soil marl

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Tight oil accumulation of the redeposited carbonates in the continental rift basin:A case study from Member 3 of Shahejie Formation in Shulu sag of Jizhong depression,North China

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Petroleum Research 2017年第1期2卷 77-89页

作者： Jianzhang Tian Ran Tian Kaiyan Chen Shuguang Chen Zengqiang Guo Geophysical Exploration Research Institute PetroChina Huabei Oilfield CompanyHebei 062552China Exploration and Development Research Institute PetroChina Huabei Oilfield CompanyHebei 062552China

Tight oil in the redeposited carbonates was mainly distributed in the Lower Submember of Member 3 of Shahejie Formation in Shulu sag of Jizhong depression,North China.Through high-resolution 3D seismic data,well logging data and drilling data,the Lower Submember of Member 3 of Shahejie Formation was divided into 5 third-order sequences and 15 parasequence sets.The redeposited marl and rudstone were major reserving horizons of tight oil,and ten reserving space types were developed and could be classified into two main categories,i.e.,pores and fractures.Two types of tight oil reservoirs were established,i.e.,the marl hydrocarbon reservoir of the source-reservoir integration and the rudstone hydrocarbon reservoirs of the source-reservoir paragenesis.The assemblage relationship among the high-quality source rocks,system tracts with the source-reservoir configuration was the major control factor for tight oil accumulation in the redeposited carbonates.The lacustrine transgressive system tracts and highstand systems tracts in SQ1 to SQ5 were the favorable horizons for development of the marl hydrocarbon reservoir,the lowstand system tracts in SQ1 to SQ3 were the favorable horizons for development of the rudstone hydrocarbon reservoir.

关键词： Member 3 of Shahejie Formation Tight oil Re-deposited carbonate marl Rudstone Third-order sequence Hydrocarbon reservoir

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The Rock Types and Reservoir Characteristics of Shahejie Formation marl in Shulu Sag， Jizhong Depression， Bohai Bay Basin

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Journal of Earth Science 2021年

作者： JingweiCui XuanjunYuan SongtaoWu RuifengZhang SongJin YangLi ResearchInstituteofPetroleumExplorationandDevelopment PetroChinaHuabeiCompany HebeiInstituteofGeologicalsurvey

Due to the complicated lithology in the S;Member of the Shahejie Formation in the Shulu Sag， Jizhong Depression， it is difficult to classify the rock types and characterize the reservoirs at the marl intervals. In this paper， a four-element classification method has been proposed， and seven rock types have been identified by analyzing the mineral composition. The primary rock types are medium-high organic carbonate rocks and medium-high organic shaly-siliceous carbonate rocks. With the methods of field emission scanning electron microscopy， high-pressure mercury intrusion， nitrogen adsorption， and nano-CT， four types of reservoir spaces have been identified， including intra-granular pores， inter-granular pores （inter-crystalline pores）， organic pores， and micro-fractures. By combining the method of high-pressure mercury intrusion with the method of the nitrogen adsorption， the porosity of the marl has been measured， ranging from 0.73% to 5.39%.. The distribution of the pore sizes is bimodal， and the pore types are dominated by micron pores. Through this study， it has been concluded that the sag area to the east of Well ST1H is the favorable area for the development of self-sourced and self-reservoired shale oil. According to the results of geochemical and reservoir analysis， the III Oil Group may have sweet spot layers.

关键词： marl shale oil play rock types tight reservoir Bohai Bay Basin

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“Water-Colouring” and Geomorphologic Features of the marl Hills in Changing Quality of Soil and Water

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Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering 2017年第1期6卷 129-142页

作者： Leila Montaseri Abolghasem Amirahmadi Mohammadali Zangeneh Asadi Mokhtar Karami Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences Hakim Sabzevari University Sabzevar Iran

Water scarcity has always been one of the most important obstacles in the process of agricultural development in arid and low-rainfall climates. In farming, the water quality also plays an important role;as the poor quality of water can be one of the limiting factors in this sector that in addition to the agricultural problems has also caused soil problems. In this paper, we introduce and study an indigenous method of water conservation and soil protection in the east of Iran termed as “water-colouring” and the role of geomorphologic features of marl hills in one of the rivers located in the southern slopes of the Joghtay Mountain (Kalateh-Sadat Watershed). In this study, field observation, sampling and analysis of water and sediment, physicochemical experiments, SPSS software for statistical analysis and satellite images have been used to produce digital models. Finally, the effects of muddy water and clear water have been compared in terms of chemical quality and productivity of agricultural land. The results show that the method of water-colouring is the best indigenous-economical method for moisture retention and regeneration of the agricultural land soil. Given the statistical reasons and studying the other researches in this field, water-colouring causes change texture and soil composition, fertility of agricultural land and reduce the losses due to evaporation and infiltration.

关键词： Water-Colouring marl Hills Kalateh-Sadat Muddy

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认知无线网络中基于随机博弈框架的频率分配

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辽宁工程技术大学学报（自然科学版） 2011年第5期30卷 778-783页

作者：刘鑫阚兴一王三强解放军理工大学通信工程学院中国人民解放军7566部队一大队中国人民解放军65631部队修供基地

为了解决认知无线网络中分布式的动态频率分配问题,采用随机博弈的框架,将认知链路建模成自私理性的智能体,并提出了一种以最大化平均Q函数为目标的多智能体学习算法—MAQ。通过MAQ学习,分布式的智能体可以实现间接的协商而不需要交互Q... 详细信息

为了解决认知无线网络中分布式的动态频率分配问题,采用随机博弈的框架,将认知链路建模成自私理性的智能体,并提出了一种以最大化平均Q函数为目标的多智能体学习算法—MAQ。通过MAQ学习,分布式的智能体可以实现间接的协商而不需要交互Q函数和回报值,因为智能体的决策过程需要考虑其他用户的决策。理论证明了MAQ学习算法的收敛性。仿真结果表明,MAQ算法的吞吐量性能接近中心式的学习算法,但是MAQ只需要较少的信息交互。

关键词：随机博弈 marl 认知无线电资源分配强化学习 Q学习分布式网络 Markov过程

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Geophysical Contribution to the Determination of the Limit between Laayoune and Foum El Oued Aquifers, Origin of Supply Sources of Oued Sakia El Hamra, Laayoune Province, Morocco

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International Journal of Geosciences 2019年第11期10卷 1008-1035页

作者： Mohamed Chibout Anasse Benslimane Mohamed El Mokhtar Fatima Zahra Faqihi Sidi Mokhtar El Kanti Ahmed Ntarmouchant Laboratory of Geodynamics and Natural Resources (LGRN) Faculty of Sciences Dhar Mahraz Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University Fez Morocco Laboratory of Geosciences and Natural Resources Faculty of Sciences University Ibn Tofail Kenitra Morocco. AFRICA GEO-SERVICES Company 33 Offices Al Manar Street Abd Elkarim Khattabi Fez VN Morocco Hydraulic Basin Agency of Sakia El Hamra and Oued Ed-Dahab Administrative District Laayoune Morocco

Laayoune and the Foum El Oued aquifers are in hydraulic communication only at the level of Oued Saguia El Hamra. The present study has accordingly made use of all the hydrogeological, hydrological, geological and geophysical data that preceded the watershed of Oued Saguia El Hamra in its downstream part. These data are by no means omplementary with the objective of having a better understanding of the boundary line between Laayoune and Foum El Oued aquifers and the origin of feeding the sources of Oued Saguia El Hamra. This study will focus only on the previous geophysical studies where a reinterpretation of electrical soundings has proved useful as a result of the recent well-logging results. It makes it possible to highlight the presence of a significant rise in the truncated marly substratum of Oued Saguia El Hamra and depressions (left and right banks) which could correspond to stream channels or depressed areas. At the level of the Wadi bed, there has been a regular immersion of the conductive level roofs from east to west towards Foum El Oued favoring the flow of wastewater from the zone and spraying the brackish water sources towards the groundwater of Foum El Oued. In the light of the reinterpretation of electric polls, plus as well as the geophysical surveys by electrical tomography and high definition made at the right and left banks of the Oueed Saguia El-Hamra, it was possible to verify the existence of dry ridge separating the two webs of Laayoune and Foum El Oued and stream channels or depressed areas of the left bank for drainage of brackish water to sources located along Oued Saguia El Hamra. The true resistivity models tomography profiles confirm the presence of the backbone at the left and right banks and the graben of the left bank for underground water drainage of the web Laayoune to sources welling the river Saguia El Hamra. They reveal the presence of a quaternary plio-cover (coastal platform Moghrebian) as being heterogeneous and affected by many electrical discontinuities, particularly in

关键词： Laayoun and Faum Al Oued Aquifers Ridge Limit Wastewater Brackish Wa-ter marl Bedrock Vertical Electrical Sounding (SEV) Electrical Tomography (ETR)

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A case history of Tunnel Boring Machine jamming in an inter-layer shear zone at the Yellow River Diversion Project in China

A case history of Tunnel Boring Machine jamming in an inter-...

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中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所2004学术年会

作者： Yanjun Shang~(a,*),Jihong Xue~b,Sijing Wang~a,Zhifa Yang~a,Jie Yang~c a Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,China b Deputy Site Agent of CMC for Connecting Works-Lot 5 of Shanxi Wanjiazhai Yellow River Diversion Project, Chaicun Town,P.O.Box 18,Taiyuan 030023,China c Department of Civil Engineering,Xi’an University of Science and Technology,Xi’an 710054,China

This is a case study of a Tunnel Boring Machine(TBM)jamming in a section of the Connection Works No.7 tunnel of the Yellow River Diversion Project(YRDP) in China.Analysis of tunnel lithology,rock convergence by shearing,rock strength and ground stress,indicates that a high rate of convergence within an inter-layer shear zone in the lower part of an anticline was a dominant factor in the jamming.In addition,the shield encountered unfavorable tunnelling conditions in the form of wet clay, groundwater inflow,and cavities,coincident with tensile stresses in the lower part of an adjacent syncline.Based on these diagnoses,economical and quick measures were adopted,including additional excavation outside of the shield leaving flee space to release the TBM.After 9 days of being jammed,the TBM was totally released and resumed normal excavation.This example highlights lessons learned from folding and inter-layer shear zone in IBM tunnelling.

关键词： TBM Inter-layer shear zone Fold marl

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情感语言资源语义互操作模型研究

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信息与电脑 2016年第19期28卷 37-38页

作者：严骏南京政治学院军事信息管理系上海200433

情感分析强烈依赖语言资源,尤其与情感词典有直接关系,而这些情感词典等语言资源通常是分散的、异构的,并且局限于某个特定领域。笔者提出一种模型,旨在:(1)为情感分析构建一个通用语言资源表达模型,为基于已形成的关联数据格式(Lemon、... 详细信息

情感分析强烈依赖语言资源,尤其与情感词典有直接关系,而这些情感词典等语言资源通常是分散的、异构的,并且局限于某个特定领域。笔者提出一种模型,旨在:(1)为情感分析构建一个通用语言资源表达模型,为基于已形成的关联数据格式(Lemon、marl、NIF、ONYX)的情感分析及服务建立APIs;(2)建立一个语言资源池,用互操作的方式使得分散的语言资源及服务能在情感分析中可用。笔者描述了资源池中可用的语言资源及服务,并列举了几个基于资源池的实例应用。

关键词：情感本体本体 NIF Lemon marl

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