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The mechanism of farmland marginalization in Chinese mountainous areas:Evidence from cost and return changes

Journal of Geographical Sciences 2019年第4期29卷 531-548页

作者： LI Shengfa LI Xiubin Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application Guangzhou Institute of GeographyGuangzhou 510070China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchCASBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Farmland marginalization has become the main trend of land-use change in the mountainous areas of China. Using annual survey data of major agricultural production costs and earnings at national and provincial levels in China, this study aims to analyze the reasons and mechanism behind farmland marginalization in mountainous areas. We find that farmers on plains are able to reduce their per mu labor input effectively through intensive use of agricultural machinery, which has minimized the impact of the increase in labor price. However, it is extremely challenging for farmers in mountainous areas to use the same method owing to the rough terrain. Thus, per laborer farming area in these areas has increased relatively slowly, causing a widening gap in agricultural labor productivity between the two regions. With the rapid rise in labor costs since 2003, the marginalization of cultivated land in mountainous areas is evident. In 2013, the net profit of agricultural production in mountainous China fell below zero. Since 2000, the land-use and land-cover change in these areas was characterized by the reduction of farmland area, reforestation, and the enhancement of the NDVI value. The high correlation between the NDVI change rate and the ratio of change in farmland(r = –0.70) and forest(r = 0.91) in mountainous areas at provincial level further attests to the trend of farmland marginalization there. Finally, we summarize the mechanism of such marginalization against the backdrop of the rapid increase in the opportunity cost of farming and the rapid fall of agricultural labor forces in mountainous areas. This study contributes to a deep understanding of the development process of farmland marginalization and abandonment as well as forest transition in Chinese mountainous areas.

关键词： farmland marginalization farmland abandonment labor costs returns agricultural labor productivity mountainous areas China

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Language and marginalization-a Research on Language Problems of Migrant Workers in Beijing

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海外英语 2012年第5X期 266-266,271页

作者：姚雪梅 English teaching and Research Department Henan Normal University

With migrant workers pouring out into cities together with their family,their problems become more and more *** means of field study,the paper investigated the language problems and social problems of migrant workers,and confirmed the hypothesis that language problems cause migrant workers marginalized in the mainstream of the society.

关键词： migrant worker marginalization language problems a

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Unjust Decision Making Resulting in marginalization of the Powerless Prostitution Community in Silir-Semanggi of Solo

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Sociology Study 2011年第3期1卷 187-197页

作者： Sudarmo Sebelas Maret University Surakarta Indonesia

The city government of Solo has made a decision that street vendors operating in the city＇s Revolution Monument in Banjarsari Square for years must be relocated to the new built traditional market, called Pasar Notoharjo. This study utilized ethnographic methods, a combination of methods including observation, in-depth interview, focus group and the unobtrusive method including collecting written information. The study showed that the decision of Solo city government which tended to privilege street vendors＇ interests resulted in the life chance of prostitution was deteriorated and marginalized. The city government has accommodated street vendors＇ demand to remove ,the organized prostitution community operating in Silir-Semanggi of Solo since 1960s as one of requirements for their relocation to this area, where the new built traditional market with more than one thousand kiosks was provided for street vendors. The procuresses＇ demand to obtain their rights of the land they occupied for more than 20 years on behalf of their legal ownership failed due to administrative, bureaucratic and legal obstacles. Prostitutes were inhumanly chased away by the city government apparatuses in collaboration with the police from the site of operation in 2006 and it resulted that the social and economic lives of procuresses and prostitutes got worse since their prostitution activities in this location were totally forbidden and unfinished. Both procuresses and prostitutes were marginalized because they did not have links to the powerful stakeholder who were able to protect their rights. Their health was in danger because the city government＇s concern to their activities was limited in particularly since 1998 when the location was formally closed by Solo mayor of the new order.

关键词： Decision making marginalization citizen participation development government agenda

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Ethnicity, Politics, and the marginalization of Women and Children in J. P. Clark＇s The Wives Revolt and Ahmed Yerima＇s Little Drops

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Journal of Literature and Art Studies 2012年第4期2卷 464-470页

作者： Sola Fosudo Lagos State University Lagos Nigeria

Ethnic sentiments are usually dictated by political and socio-economic factors and they derive from manipulation of minority interests and groups who are in the face of discrimination and marginalization jostle for attention and relevance within a geopolitical setting in a society. Most often, such political situation which promotes domination by one group and socio-economic subordination of another, usually results in ethnic crisis which arises from, and also leads to serious suspicion, anger, civil unrest, and sometimes war. It is not in doubt, that in times of ethno-political crisis and war, women and children are the main victims as they account for an estimated 80% of refugees and displaced persons worldwide. It is in view of this that this paper examines the politics of ethnic conflicts and discusses some of its painful outcomes, such as marginalization and dehumanization of women and children. The essay uses J. P. Clark＇s The Wives Revolt （1991） and Ahmed Yerima＇s Little Drops （2009） for illustration to point out the importance of democratic principles and increased representation of woman in governance and advocating against discriminatory policies in respect of women and children.

关键词： ethnicity politics marginalization civil unrest democratic principles

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A Brief Analysis of marginalization in Everything I Never Told You

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Journal of Literature and Art Studies 2017年第8期7卷 982-985页

作者： CHEN Yan-qiong Leshan Normal University Leshan China

Chinese American writer Celeste Ng has portrayed images of ＂marginal man＂ in her novel Everything I Never Told You. Centering the narration on the death of Lydia, with her own immigrant identity and cross-ethnical marriage, Celeste Ng has penetrated into the marginal culture in American society 1970s, exposing characters＇ marginal condition caused by ethnical identity, gender and sexual orientation.

关键词： Everything I Never Told You marginalization culture

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An Unmitigated Disaster: Shifting from Response and Recovery to Mitigation for an Insurable Future

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2019年第2期10卷 179-192页

作者： Eliza de Vet Christine Eriksen Kate Booth Shaun French Australian Centre for Culture EnvironmentSociety andSpace(ACCESS)School of Geography and SustainableCommunitiesFaculty of Social SciencesUniversity ofWollongongWollongong NSW2522Australia Geography and Spatial Science University of TasmaniaHobart TAS7001Australia School of Geography Faculty of Social SciencesUniversityof NottinghamNottingham NG72RDEngland

Australian households are increasingly vulnerable to natural hazard-related disasters. To manage disaster risk, government commissioned inquiries have called for greater investment in mitigation. This article critically examines the call for a shift in funding priority towards pre-disaster mitigation measures, in the context of growing concerns around the ability of households to access and afford insurance. It examines mitigation measures in the context of three prominent Australian disasters: the Black Saturday bushfires(Victoria, 2009), the Queensland floods(2010–2011), and Cyclone Yasi(Queensland, 2011). We argue that as a mode of disaster security, mitigation operates as a complex assemblage of logics and practices of protection, preparedness, and resilience, which problematizes simplistic protection/resilience binaries. On the one hand, mitigation serves as a mode of protection, which underscores the dominant maladaptive rationality of insurance. It promises a collective solution to uninsurability that is limited by government fiscal constraints and growing employment of risk-reflective insurance *** the other hand, there is evidence of an emergent rationality of household insurance as a path to resilience and preparedness—for example, in the development of insurance systems that price household retrofitting technologies and in the development of policyholder education campaigns. This resilience rationality holds the promise of securing individuals previously excluded from ***, for householders lacking the necessary physical,cognitive, and financial capacities to make themselves and their properties resilient, the transition to a pre-disaster mitigation mode of security will likely do little to alleviate disadvantage and marginalization.

关键词： Australia Disaster mitigation Household insurance Household marginalization Household resilience Natural hazards

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Miao Folk Music and the Marginal Modernism of Shen Congwen

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Language and Semiotic Studies 2020年第4期6卷 46-64页

作者： Qianwei He Soochow University China

Shen Congwen(1902-1988)was a high-profile modern Chinese writer,and one of the most discussed Chinese writers within and outside *** his whole life,he considered himself a“countryman”,different from his contemporary writers,and he employed his regional background to his *** attention on the Miao ethnic culture in his home region,West Hunan Province,was *** the first half of the twentieth century,while the cities of China started to move towards modernity,the Miao people in West Hunan Province remained relatively primitive and *** his re-imagination and possible over-romanticism of the marginalized Miao culture,Shen became one of the most unique modern Chinese *** kind of marginalization in both folk music and literature clashed with modern China’s interest and need to revitalize its *** paper will argue that,with the application of psychoanalytical and cultural anthropological theories,the folk music of a minority group that was incomprehensible to mainstream modern China exactly brought out the“marginally”modernist quality of Shen Congwen’s literary works.

关键词： Shen Congwen marginalization modernism Miao ethnicity folk music

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试论抗战前国民党地方党部的边缘化

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中国现代史 2006年第7期 72-77页

作者：李巨澜

在国民党1927年后确立的训政体制中，以党政平行作为地方党政关系原则，结果导致抗战前地方党部的边缘化。其主要原因在于国民党的训政体制设计和政治理念，党员素质低和党部自身缺陷也是重要因素。由此带来的严重后果是党的吸引力和引... 详细信息

在国民党1927年后确立的训政体制中，以党政平行作为地方党政关系原则，结果导致抗战前地方党部的边缘化。其主要原因在于国民党的训政体制设计和政治理念，党员素质低和党部自身缺陷也是重要因素。由此带来的严重后果是党的吸引力和引导力下降，党的形象和权威受到损毁，并极大地影响了国民党政权的合法性建构。

关键词：地方党部党政关系边缘化 the local party branches the relationship between party and government marginalization

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知识分子的边缘化和晚清小说队伍的嬗变

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中国古代、近代文学研究 2007年第12期 129-133页

作者：贺根民

穿梭于封建“道统”和“政统”之间的知识分子，因为国家的衰朽和社会的动荡，趋向社会边缘化。科举的废止，打破了知识分子赖以支撑信仰的工具性循环；心灵的煎熬和变异，表露为浓郁的社会沉思和人生悲叹。异域文明的输入，解构了“道... 详细信息

穿梭于封建“道统”和“政统”之间的知识分子，因为国家的衰朽和社会的动荡，趋向社会边缘化。科举的废止，打破了知识分子赖以支撑信仰的工具性循环；心灵的煎熬和变异，表露为浓郁的社会沉思和人生悲叹。异域文明的输入，解构了“道统”话语的桎梏；中西文明的对比，为广大知识分子提供了返观自身的时代命题。边缘化的生存境遇，造就了晚清小说的繁荣，也改变了知识分子社会诉求的既定轨迹。晚清小说以其鲜明的时代表征，书写着一代知识分子痛苦灵魂的蜕变过程和图谋富强的普泛心路。

关键词：知识分子晚清小说边缘化科举社会诉求 intellectuals novels in the late Qing Dynasty marginalization imperial social demands

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Socio-political and ecological stresses on traditional pastoral systems:A review

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2019年第10期29卷 1758-1770页

作者： MUHAMMAD Khurshid MOHAMMAD Nafees ABDULLAH Khan MEHMET Somuncu ASHFAQ Ahmad Khan WAJID Rashid Department of Environmental Sciences The University of HaripurKhyber Pakhtunkhwa 22620 Pakistan Department of Environmental Sciences University of PeshawarPeshawar 25000 Pakistan Department of Geography Ankara UniversitySihhiye 06100 Ankara Turkey Department of Geography Karabuk UniversityKarabuk 78000 Turkey Department of Environmental Sciences The University of SwatSwat 19130 Pakistan

Pastoralism is a viable socio-economic system-shaped by landless and agro-pastoral communities in many pastoral regions of the world. This system is mainly based on seasonal migration of pastoralists and their livestock herds between upland and lowland pastures. Traditionally pastoral activities make significant contributions to mountain livelihood subsistence, regional economies and environmental sustainability. However, the pastoralist’s lifestyle and their economies are increasingly confronted to various socio-political, economic and ecological stresses from the last few decades. Extensive literature reviewed on this subject with the aim to explore the current emerging challenges faced by pastoral communities in different pastoral regions. It has been revealed from literature that the prevalent socio-political and economic stress on pastoralism caused by modernization, insecure land tenure, integration of market economy, civil insecurities and pastoralist’s exclusion in states policies while ecological stress on pastoral activities emerged with increasing focus on nature conservation in pastoral regions and climate change induced hazards and disasters. As a consequence of these challenges, pastoral households are abandoning livestock herding–as a traditional way of life and are in continuous transition to transform their pastoral practices and institutions. Thus, the attention and consultation of key stakeholders are needed toward pastoral resource development that improve and sustain traditional pastoral practices in a socio-politically and ecologically stressed environment of the world.

关键词： pastoralism marginalization pastoral system pastures livestock pastoralists

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