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The Qing, the manchus, and Footbinding： Sources and Assumptions under Scrutiny

Frontiers of History in China 2016年第2期11卷 279-322页

作者： John R. Shepherd Department of Anthropology University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA

Two sets of assumptions surrounding the manchus and footbinding have crept into the historiography of the Qing period. A first set of assumptions claims that the manchus attempted to ban footbinding among civilian Han on repeated occasions after the conquest but failed due to women＇s resistance. Moreover, Qing attempts to ban footbinding made binding into a politically charged ethnic marker that embodied for Han anti-Manchu and anti-Qing sentiments and caused the bans to backfire and footbinding to spread further. A second set of assumptions claims that the overwhelming cultural allure and popularity of footbinding proved irresistible to banner women, who, thwarted by banner regulations forbidding the practice, covertly imitated footbinding by wearing platform shoes that hid natural feet and created an illusion of smallness. This paper scrutinizes the evidence put forward by Qing historians for the first of these two sets of assumptions. The claims are found to be unsubstantiated and evidence is offered that contradicts them. I argue that the weight of evidence shows that there was no prohibition on footbinding imposed in 1645 or at any time during the Manchu conquest, and that a 1664 proposal to ban footbinding was withdrawn before it could be implemented, for reasons misunderstood by historians offootbinding. Therefore there could have been no ＂resistance＂ by Han women or men to a ban on footbinding, and claims that footbinding became a politically charged ethnic marker of anti-Qing sentiment in the seventeenth century are groundless. With regard to the second set of assumptions, I provide evidence in a separate paper to be published elsewhere that banner women had distinctive roles and fashions uninfluenced by the culture of footbinding, and that in Beijing and the Northeast Manchu styles were emulated by Han, not vice versa.

关键词： footbinding Qing manchus Kangxi Ming loyalism

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From Alliance to Tutelage： A Historical Analysis of Manchu-Mongol Relations before the Qing Conquest

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Frontiers of History in China 2012年第2期7卷 175-197页

作者： Nicola Di Cosmo Institute for Advanced Study Princeton University Princeton NJ 08540 USA

Before 1644, the Manchu rulers pursued a deliberate policy of alliances with the southern （later ＂Inner＂） Mongol tribes. In the 1630s the system of treaties and alliances gave way to the creation of the League-Banner system, the jasaq system, and the Lifan Yuan. The new territorial and political organization meant that the southern Mongols, while retaining a degree of autonomy, became subjects of the Qing dynasty. This essay explores the historical circumstances of the transformation of the relationship between manchus and Mongols from partnership to subordination. It also aims to explain the political principles deployed by the manchus in the redefinition of their relationship with the Mongol elites. More specifically, the essay proposes that the new forms of administration of Inner Mongolia stemmed from a condition of ＂tutelage.＂ Tutelage was not simply imposed by the Manehus upon their erstwhile allies, but actively sought by Mongol aristocrats in the context of the intra-Mongol wars carried out by the Caqar leader Ligdan Khan.

关键词： manchus Mongols southem Mongols Qing tutelage alliance Ligdan Khan

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Judicial Changes in Qing Beijing during the Shunzhi Period(1644-61)

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Frontiers of History in China 2020年第4期15卷 579-610页

作者： Hu Xiangyu Institute of Qing History Renmin University of ChinaBeijing 100872China

The judicial system in Qing Beijing integrated both Ming and Manchu *** the Ming judicial system,the first level of courts in Beijing included the Ministry of Justice and the Censorate,and on the second level was the Court of Judicial *** the Ming,however,this system became heavily disrupted by the intelligence security apparatuses,like the Eastern *** the Manchu system,on the first level of courts was the banner company captains and on the second level was the Ministry of *** 1644,the Ming^institutional legacies and lessons remained so important to Manchu rulers that they eventually created an integrated legal system that primarily drew from the Ming *** integration reflected the Qing dynasty’s endeavor to adopt Ming *** Regent Dorgon insisted upon judicial separation on the first level of the courts—Censors of the Five Wards could not settle cases involving banner people,nor could the banner system handle cases involving civilians—while the Shunzhi emperor and his successors wanted judicial unity in Beijing and ordinary banner people and civilians to be adjudicated by the same courts.

关键词： Beijing Qing judicial system manchus Shunzhi Dorgon

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