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Risk Assessment from Catchment to Consumers as Framed in Water Safety Plans: A Study from maiduguri Water Treatment Plant, North East Nigeria

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2019年第10期10卷 1373-1390页

作者： Mohammed Mustapha M. K. C. Sridhar A. O. Coker Ayotunde Ajayi Abubakar Suleiman Department of Agricultural and Environmental Resources Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Maiduguri Maiduguri Nigeria Departmentof Environmental Health Sciences Faculty of Public Health University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Technology University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria Kelamide-O Nigeria Ltd Aderibigbe St. Off Halleluya Estate Osogbo Osun State Nigeria maiduguri Water Treatment Plant Operations Department Maiduguri Nigeria.

Water safety plan as conceived by WHO can lead to prevention of pollution in each component of water supply chain which leads to ensuring safe drinking water. Risk assessment is one of the key components during the development of water safety plan, achieved by identifying hazardous events and estimating their risk towards implementing control measures. This study reports the risk assessment from catchment to consumers in maiduguri water treatment plant in Northeast Nigeria. Tools such as the field visits, key informant interviews, questionnaire and water quality monitoring were used to identify the hazards and estimate their risk using semi-quantitative matrix. With the existing control measures, the study showed a total of 33 hazardous events;5 in catchment, 16 in treatment plant, 6 in distribution system and 6 at consumers’ points. The risk score indicated 6 are of medium risk and 9 of high risk. Catchment activities, upgrade of treatment facilities and lack of routine maintenance in the treatment plant, pipeline damages in distribution lines, and consumers’ lack of hygiene knowledge and awareness were found to be the major contributory factors which affect the desired quality. Therefore participation and commitment by all relevant stakeholders are fundamental requisite to manage the identified health risks.

关键词： Water Safety Plan Hazard Identification Risk Assessment maiduguri Water Treatment

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An Assessment of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Turbulence in maiduguri, Nigeria

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Open Journal of Air Pollution 2017年第2期6卷 27-43页

作者： David O. Edokpa Vincent E. Weli Department of Geography and Environmental Management University of Port Harcourt Port Harcourt Nigeria

This study examined the level of turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer in maiduguri, north-eastern Nigeria. Five years (2011-2015) temperature and wind speed data at 1000 mbar pressure level retrieved from Era-Interim Reanalysis Platform was used. These data were gotten at 6-hourly synoptic hours: 0000H, 0600H, 1200H and 1800H at 0.125° grid resolution. The gradient Richardson (Rig) number method was utilised in analysing turbulence across three layers: 10 - 50 m (surface layer);50 - 100 m (mid layer) and 100 - 1300 m (upper layer). Findings shows that the surface layer is always in a turbulent state as over 95% of Rig values were below Richardson Critical (Ric) value of 0.25 with range 0.02 - 0.94. However, all values across the hours were below the Richardson Termination (RT) value of 1. Laminar conditions exist at the mid layer across the hours as 99.9% of Rig values ranging 0.88 - 8.02 were greater than RT of 1. Rig values for the upper layer were largely negative and ranged between -78.71 to -724.14. This indicates robust turbulent conditions. Turbulence generated through forced and free ascents prevailed at the surface layer and upper layer respectively. This shows that wind shear is dominant at the surface while thermal buoyancy prevails at the upper level. The months of February and September at 1200 and 1800 hours respectively are the periods of maximum (about 134 m) and minimum (below 15 m) heights were free convection destabilises forced convection in the study area. Relating findings to emission dispersion suggests that air pollutants will be transported across far and near distances at the upper layer and surface layers respectively. This is due to the stable nature of the mid layer that will limits vertical emission dispersion. Policy makers should ensure that potential emission sources stacks are above 50 m to ensure pollutants are dispersed aloft in the area.

关键词： Turbulence Gradient Richardson Number maiduguri Emissions

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How some demographic factors affects postpartum haemorrhage prevention in maiduguri, Nigeria

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013年第1期3卷 203-207页

作者： Sadiq G. Uthman Mairiga A. Garba Ado G. Danazumi Mairo U. Mandara Nwaosu H. Sylvester Department of Ethno-Pharmacy and Drug Development Faculty of Pharmacy University of Maiduguri Maiduguri Nigeria Department of Maths and Statistics Faculty of Science University of Maiduguri Maiduguri Nigeria Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Maiduguri Maiduguri Nigeria Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Faculty of Pharmaceutical Services Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria

Aim: The following work studied how tribal affiliation, educational level and occupation of some women that had PPH in maiduguri metropolis between September 2007 and March 2009 relate with PPH occurrence. The study was aimed at identifying possible risk factors and also to compare the relative prevention efficacies of oxytocin or misoprostol within the matrix of these factors. Method: A total of 1800 pregnant women who have received either oxytocin injection or oral misoprostol in third stage of labour as a prophylaxis of postpartum haemorrhage, were enrolled within three health care facilities in maiduguri, Nigeria. Each patient was observed at parturition and for 24 h after, during which blood lost was estimated to the nearest millilitres. Demographic characteristics were recorded in a structured proforma. The relationship of the occurrence of PPH (occurrence of blood loss > 500 ml) and mean blood loss (MBL) was studied with respect to the prophylactic medication used and some demographic factors. Results: The incidence of PPH was higher in Igbo, and some “minority” tribes of Borno state (Babur, Bura, Mafa). The tribes that constituted the majority of the study population (Kanuri, and Hausa) exhibited low incidences of PPH. Significant relationships were demonstrated between PPH and educational levels and occupations of participants. Conclussions: It was concluded that PPH occurrence is related to tribal affiliation, educational level and occupation, and the relative efficacies of oxytocin and misoprostol varies between the tribal groups.

关键词： Postpartum Haemorrhage Tribal Affiliation Risk-Factors maiduguri Oxytocin Misoprostol

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Immunostimulatory Effect of Levamisole on the Immune Response of Goats to <i>Peste des petits ruminants </i>(PPR) Vaccination

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World Journal of Vaccines 2014年第2期4卷 88-95页

作者： Undiandeye Jude Undiandeye Bamidele Soji Oderinde Abduldahiru El-Yuguda Saka Saheed Baba Animal Virus Research Laboratory Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Maiduguri Nigeria Department of Medical Laboratory Science College of Medical Sciences University of Maiduguri Maiduguri Nigeria

The use of Levamisole hydrochloride as an immunostimulant has been successful in the control of certain diseases such as Derzsy’s disease in chicken as well as in increasing lymphocytes and weight gain in pigs. However, its use as immunostimulant in the prevention of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in goats has not been investigated. In this study, the use of Levamisole in enhancing immune response to PPR vaccination including its effects on weight gain was investigated among groups of goats (groups A, B, C and D). Virus neutralization test was used to determine the antibody profile in vaccinated goats while the total and differential leucocyte counts and body mass index (BMI) were determined using standard procedures. Goats in group A (Levamisole primed and PPR vaccinated) seroconverted to more than 3-folds of the initial pre-vaccination geometric mean titre (GMT) of neutralizing antibody beginning from second week post-vaccination and remained high throughout the period of the experiment. Similarly, there was significant increase (p 0.05) in BMI of animals in other groups throughout the period of the experiment. The results of this study further confirm the immunostimulatory effect of Levamisole when used in combination with a vaccine.

关键词： Levamisole Hydrochloride Homologous PPR Vaccine Immunostimulant Goats maiduguri Nigeria

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Assessing gestational age of babies: Performance of obstetric ultrasound scan compared to that from the combination of Naegle’s rule and Dubowitz score in the 21st century

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Natural Science 2013年第8期5卷 32-35页

作者： Baba Usman Ahmadu Department of Paediatrics Federal Medical Centre Yola Nigeria

Background: Some researchers have suggested that when Naegle’s rule (NR) and Dubowitz score (DS) are combined, it could out-perform obstetric ultrasound scan (USS). Others still believe that obstetric USS alone is still effective relative to the combination of NR rule and DS in assessing the gestational age (GA) of babies. Objectives: To determine and compare the GA of babies using obstetric USS, NR and DS;and to provide relevant public health information on obstetric USS in the 21st century. Methods: Subjects were selected using systematic random sampling and the GA of babies was determined using obstetric USS, NR, and DS. Statistical package for social science (SPSS) statistical software version 16, Illinois, Chicago USA was used for all data analysis. Results: Eightyfive mother-baby pairs were studied. Forty-four babies (52%) were males and 41 (48%) females. Sixty four (75%) were term with a mean (SD) BW of 3.02 (0.59) at 95%CI (2.89 -?3.14) kg. The overall mean GA of the babies was 38.49 (2.89) at 95%CI (38.14 -?38.85) weeks. The mean GA using obstetric USS, NR and DS were 38.52 (1.98) at 95%CI (38.14 -?38.99), 38.09 (4.13) at 95%CI (37.20-?38.99) and 38.82 (2.02) at 95%CI (38.39 -?39.26), but comparison of these means was not significant (p = 0.256). Combined mean GA by NR and DS was 38.46 (3.26) at 95%CI (37.96 -?38.95). Comparing this mean with mean GA obtained by obstetric USS was also not significant (p = 0.885). Conclusion: The GA assessments by Obstetric USS, NR and DS were all reliable, and Obstetric USS performed effectively relative to combined NR and DS.

关键词： Gestational Age Babies Obstetric Ultrasound Scan Naegle’s Rule Dubowitz Score maiduguri Nigeria

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Looking at maternal inequalities (socioeconomic class, age and human immunodeficiency virus status) to predict well-being of neonates during infancy

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Health 2013年第8期5卷 1-5页

作者： Baba Usman Ahmadu Department of Paediatrics Federal Medical Centre Yola Nigeria

Background: Infant health inequalities responsible for high infant sicknesses and deaths in our setting could depend to a large extend on maternal inequalities like socioeconomic class (SEC), age and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Objective: To look at maternal inequalities (SEC, Age and HIV), to predict well-being of neonates during infancy. Methods: Subjects were selected using systematic random sampling. Maternal education, occupation, age and HIV status were obtained using a questionnaire;their SEC was derived using the Oyedeji’s model. Gestational age (GA) of the neonates was estimated from their mother’s last menstrual period, obstetric ultrasound scan reports or the Dubowitz criteria;and birthweight (BW) was determined using the basinet weighing scale, which has a sensitivity of 50 grams. Results: Ninety mother-neonatal pairs were enrolled, 47 (52.2%) neonates were males and 43 (47.8%) females. Most of the neonates were term 66 (73.3%) and of normal BW 75 (83.4%). A significant association existed between maternal variables and the likely hood of the subjects being less healthy during infancy (χ2 = 126.528, p < 0.005). Maternal age had a negative correlation coefficient with GA (r = -0.200) and BW (r = -0.115) and comparison of MA, GA and BW was significant (F = 2662.92, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The combine effects of maternal SEC, Age and HIV have predicted less healthy neonates during infancy. Neonates in the present work are more prone to sicknesses and ill-health during infancy.

关键词： Maternal (Socioeconomic Class Age HIV) Mother-Neonatal Pairs Infant Health maiduguri Nigeria

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