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Characterization and spatial analysis of coseismic landslides triggered by the luding Ms 6.8 earthquake in the Xianshuihe fault zone, Southwest China

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第1期21卷 160-181页

作者： GUO Changbao LI Caihong YANG Zhihua NI Jiawei ZHONG Ning WANG Meng YAN Yiqiu SONG Deguang ZHANG Yanan ZHANG Xianbing WU Ruian CAO Shichao SHAO Weiwei Institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100081China Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Geological Safety Ministry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100081China Research Center of Neotectonism and Crustal Stability China Geological SurveyBeijing 100081China School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China Sichuan Institute of Geological Survey Chengdu 610081China

On September 5, 2022, a magnitude Ms 6.8 earthquake occurred along the Moxi fault in the southern part of the Xianshuihe fault zone located in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,resulting in severe damage and substantial economic loss. In this study, we established a coseismic landslide database triggered by luding Ms 6.8 earthquake, which includes 4794 landslides with a total area of 46.79 km^(2). The coseismic landslides primarily consisted of medium and small-sized landslides, characterized by shallow surface sliding. Some exhibited characteristics of high-position initiation resulted in the obstruction or partial obstruction of rivers, leading to the formation of dammed lakes. Our research found that the coseismic landslides were predominantly observed on slopes ranging from 30° to 50°, occurring at between 1000 m and 2500 m, with slope aspects varying from 90° to 180°. Landslides were also highly developed in granitic bodies that had experienced structural fracturing and strong-tomoderate weathering. Coseismic landslides concentrated within a 6 km range on both sides of the Xianshuihe and Daduhe fault zones. The area and number of coseismic landslides exhibited a negative correlation with the distance to fault lines, road networks, and river systems, as they were influenced by fault activity, road excavation, and river erosion. The coseismic landslides were mainly distributed in the southeastern region of the epicenter, exhibiting relatively concentrated patterns within the IX-degree zones such as Moxi Town, Wandong River basin, Detuo Town to Wanggangping Township. Our research findings provide important data on the coseismic landslides triggered by the luding Ms 6.8 earthquake and reveal the spatial distribution patterns of these landslides. These findings can serve as important references for risk mitigation, reconstruction planning, and regional earthquake disaster research in the earthquake-affected area.

关键词： luding earthquake Coseismic landslides Remote sensing interpretation Spatial distribution Xianshuihe fault earthquake fault

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Seismicity changes and numerical simulation of coseismic deformation following the 2022 Ms6.8 luding earthquake in Sichuan, China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第8期67卷 2507-2521页

作者： Qiu MENG Zitao WANG Huai ZHANG Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics of Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of earthquake Forecasting China Earthquake Administration Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) Beijing Yanshan Earth Critical Zone National Research Station

The Xianshuihe fault is a major tectonic boundary between the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic and Bayanhar blocks in Southwest China.With an average left-lateral strike-slip movement of 10–15 mm/yr, it is a fast-moving strike-slip continental fault. On September 5, 2022, the Ms6.8 luding earthquake occurred along the Moxi segment of the Xianshuihe fault, reaching a maximum intensity of IX and resulting in a significant number of casualties and severe property damage. This earthquake broke the long-standing seismic quiescence of the Xianshuihe fault, which lasted for more than 40 years, and was followed by a significant number of aftershocks. An outstanding question is how the behavior of the Xianshuihe fault and major earthquakes changed following this mainshock. In this study, we examined the changes in regional seismicity following the luding earthquake and identified the potential for future strong earthquakes along the Xianshuihe fault. We used a finite element numerical method to simulate the environment of the seismogenic fault and its adjacent areas. In addition, we used the coseismic slip model of the luding earthquake with the split-node method to calculate how the stress and strain fields in the surrounding area were affected by the2022 mainshock. Coulomb stress changes were resolved in the main faults, and the seismicity of adjacent faults was analyzed in conjunction with the observed seismic data. The results indicate that regional tectonic movement primarily occurred to the southeast along the Moxi segment. The stress field is approximately north-south in tension and east-west in compression.Variation in the stress field in the epicentral region of the luding earthquake exceeded 1 MPa. The maximum displacement of the coseismic deformation field was concentrated between Moxi town and Tuanjie village, and the Coulomb stress of the fault zone in this region experienced the largest decrease. However, the b-value of the Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency relationship at the epicenter and the surrounding area ex

关键词： luding earthquake Seismicity Coulomb failure stress change Finite element numerical simulation

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Investigating the reactivation of historical landslides during the 2022 luding M_(S)6.8 earthquake

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earthquake Science 2024年第3期37卷 200-209页

作者： Tao Wei Mingyao Xia Xinxin Zhang Shaojian Qi State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geo-environment Protection Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu610059China

On September 5,2022,a strong earthquake with a magnitude of MS6.8 struck luding County in Sichuan Province,China,triggering thousands of landslides along the Dadu River in the northwest-southeast(NW-SE)direction.We investigated the reactivation characteristics of historical landslides within the epicentral area of the luding earthquake to identify the initiation mechanism of earthquake-induced landslides.Records of the two newly triggered and historical landslides were analyzed using manual and threshold methods;the spatial distribution of landslides was assessed in relation to topographical and geological factors using remote sensing images.This study sheds light on the spatial distribution patterns of landslides,especially those that occur above historical landslide areas.Our results revealed a similarity in the spatial distribution trends between historical landslides and new ones induced by earthquakes.These landslides tend to be concentrated within a range of 0.2 km from the river and 2 km from the fault.Notably,both rivers and faults predominantly influenced the reactivation of historical landslides.Remarkably,the reactivated landslides are characterized by their small to medium size and are predominantly situated in historical landslide zones.The number of reactivated landslides surpassed that of previously documented historical landslides within the study area.We provide insights into the critical factors responsible for historical landslides during the 2022 luding earthquake,thereby enhancing our understanding of the potential implications for future co-seismic hazard assessments and mitigation strategies.

关键词： luding earthquake co-seismic landslides historical landslides spatial distribution landslide reactivation

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Rapid estimation of disaster losses for the M6.8 luding earthquake on September 5,2022

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第6期66卷 1334-1344页

作者： Wenqiang WANG Yilong LI Zhenguo ZHANG Danhua XIN Zhongqiu HE Wei ZHANG Xiaofei CHEN Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China Department of Earth and Space Sciences Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geophysical High-resolution Imaging Technology Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055China

An M6.8 earthquake occurred in luding,Sichuan Province,China,on September 5,2022.Since towns and villages in the earthquake-stricken area are densely populated,the earthquake caused severe fatalities and economic losses.Rapid estimation of earthquake intensity and disaster losses is significantly important for post-earthquake emergency rescue,scientific anti-seismic deployment,and the reduction of casualties and economic losses.Therefore,we make a preliminary rapid estimation of the earthquake intensity and disaster losses in the aftermath of the luding earthquake.The seismic intensity represents the distribution of earthquake disasters and the degree of ground damage and can be directly converted from the peak ground velocity(PGV)map.To obtain a reliable PGV distribution map of this earthquake,we combined the finite-fault model constrained by seismic observations,with the complex three-dimensional(3D)geological environment and topographical features to perform strong ground motion simulation.Then,we compared the consistency between the simulated ground motion waveforms and observations,indicating the plausibility and reliability of simulations.In addition,we transformed the PGV simulation results into intensity and obtained a physics-based map of the intensity distribution of the luding earthquake.The maximum simulated intensity of this earthquake is IX,which is consistent with the maximum intensity determined from the postearthquake field survey.Based on the simulated seismic intensity map of the luding earthquake and the earthquake disaster loss estimation model,we rapidly estimated the death and economic losses caused by this earthquake.The estimated results show that the death toll caused by this earthquake is probably 50-300,with a mathematic expectation of 89.Thus the government should launch a Level II earthquake emergency response plan.The economic losses are likely to be 10-100 billion RMB,with a mathematical expectation of 23.205 billion RMB.Such seismic intensity simulations and rapid estimation of di

关键词： luding earthquake Ground motion simulation Seismic intensity Estimation of disaster losses Fatality Economic losses

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Geomorphic and tectonic controls of landslides induced by the 2022 luding earthquake

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第12期19卷 3323-3345页

作者： ZHAO Bo HU Kai-heng YANG Zong-ji LIU Qiao ZOU Qiang CHEN Hua-yong ZHANG Bo ZHANG Wei-feng ZHU Lei SU Li-jun Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu610041China China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences Islamabad45320Pakistan University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China

On 05 September 2022,an Ms 6.8(Mw 6.6)earthquake occurred in luding County,Sichuan Province,China,with the epicenter at 29.59°N,102.08°E and a focal depth of approximately 16.0km.Combining field investigations,high-resolution satellite images and multiple datatpes characterizing the seismogenic structure,topography and geology,this study attempts to discuss the influence of geomorphic and tectonic indexes on landslide distribution.The results show that the 2022 luding earthquake with seismogenic fault at the Moxi fault,was a sinistral strike-slip event that triggered at least 4528landslides over an area of~2000 km2.These landslides span a total area of 28.1 km^(2),and the western section of the seismogenic fault,which serves as the active wall area,is characterized by a higher landslide concentration,especially in the Wandong Basin.The seismogenic fault and lithology influence the regional distribution of landslides,and more landslides occurred closer to the seismogenic fault and in the controlling lithologies of granite and dolomite.Local topography influences the landslide occurrence position on the slope;the eastern section is prone to form landslides in the lower gorge section,and the western section is prone to form landslides in the upper-top section of the gorge.For coseismic landslides in the eastern Baryan Har block,the eastern boundary(Longmenshan fault),where the earthquakes are characterized by thrusts with slight dextral strike-slip movement,could be the primary landslide-prone area;the southern boundary,the Moxi fault and the southern segment of the Xianshuihe fault,with more intensive strikeslip movement,may be the secondary landsideprone area;and the northern boundary is the tertiary landside-prone area.Additionally,the current landslide inventory may be underestimated although this underestimation has limited influence on the results.

关键词： Landslides luding earthquake Spatial distribution Geomorphic index Tectonic index

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Stability of the Hailuogou glacier during the“9.5”luding earthquake:a preliminary assessment based on multi-source observations

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第11期19卷 3037-3050页

作者： LIU Qiao ZHANG Bo ZHAO Bo ZHONG Yan LU Xue-yuan ZHOU Jian-min Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610299China Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene(C-CIA) Institute for Environmental SciencesUniversity of Geneva1205 GenevaSwitzerland Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100094China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

On 5th September 2022,a magnitude Ms-6.8 earthquake occurred nearby Mt.Gongga,western Sichuan.The stability of the glaciers in east Mt.Gongga close to the epicenter was widely concerned due to the strong shake triggered by the earthquake.Using multi-source observations(including in-situ photographs,remote sensing datasets before and after the event),we carried out a preliminary assessment of the stability and hazard risks of the Hailuogou(HLG)glacier.Triggered by the earthquake,a small block of fractured ice at the lowest part of icefall collapsed.The magnitude of the coseismic ice avalanche was relatively small,which is comparable in size to most ice avalanches over the past seven years,but much less than the previous mapped largest one(03 April 2018,runout~699 m).One most recent large(runout~608 m)ice avalanche occurred between 01 and 04 September,just before the earthquake,likely unloaded large amount of ice mass and made a larger ice avalanche avoided during the earthquake shake.Nevertheless,the momentum of collapsed snow-icerock mass could be safely unloaded over a wide and gentler-slope ice tongue area,limiting its mobility and the risk of a cascading hazard.Glacier-wide surface flow dynamics monitored by Sentinel-1 satellite SAR time series(12 September 2021–19 September 2022)show that HLG glacier velocity was generally consistent before and after the earthquake.The entire HLG glacier exhibited more stable than expected,with almost no abnormal features detected in its upper accumulation part,the lower ice tongue,and its lateral paraglacial slopes.Since the glacier valley has experienced remarkable downwasting and the paraglacial environment has been strongly disturbed and destabilized,we suggested that,to efficiently evaluate glacier-related cascading hazard risks,it is also necessary to systematically combine multi-source observations(e.g.,high-resolution UAV survey,radar/Lidar scan,ground investigation,monitoring and warning systems)to continuously monitor the regional glacier anomalies in the post-earth

关键词： luding earthquake Mt.Gongga Glacier ice/snow avalanche Cryosphere hazards

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Coseismic landslide sediment increased by the“9.5”luding earthquake,Sichuan,China

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Journal of Mountain Science 2023年第3期20卷 624-636页

作者： XIONG Jiang CHEN Hua-yong ZENG Lu SU Feng-huan GONG Ling-feng TANG Chen-xiao Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Processes Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610299China Chengdu Geological Survey Center China Geological SurveyChengdu 610081China

The"9.5"luding earthquake(Ms 6.8),which occurred on September 5,2022,has triggered thousands of landslides,and caused coseismic landslide sediment in the mountain basin to increase significantly.After the luding earthquake,landslide sediment may continue to divert to channels,and increase the activity of debris flows.Importantly,the formation of debris flows can pose a major threat to infrastructure,lives and property.To better understand the landslide sediment that increased by the"9.5"luding earthquake and its impact on the activity of debris flows,we mapped the coseismic landslide database using satellite images.A total of9142 landslides with an area of 49.51 km^(2),covering4.81%of the whole basin,were triggered by the luding earthquake.The coseismic landslides induced by this earthquake are dominated by shallow landslides and are densely distributed in the combined zone of the Xianshuihe fault and the Daduhe fault.Approximately 333.31×10^(6)m^(3)(error:111.43×10^(6)m^(3)/-70.73×10^(6)m^(3))of coseismic landslide sediments were induced by the earthquake in the epicenter,and the landslide materials were concentrated downstream of the basins.In addition.more than 13986.45×10^(4)m^(3)(error:4675.67×10^(4)m^(3)/-2967.92×10^(4)m^(3))of landslide sediment may supply for debris flow occurrence.Simultaneously,the small basins that are distributed near Moxi,Detuo and the junction of the Xianshuihe fault and Daduhe fault are more susceptible to debris flows when rainstorms hit these regions.Therefore,prevention and mitigation measures,early warning,and land use planning should be adopted in advance in these regions.However,from the perspectives of landslide scale and the degree of landslide-channel coupling,the activity or active intensity of debris flows in the luding earthquake area may be lower than that in the epicenter area of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.

关键词： luding earthquake Landslide sediment Debris flow activity Remote sensing image

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Preliminary results on a near-real-time rock slope damage monitoring system based on relative velocity changes following the September 5,2022 M_(S) 6.8 luding,China earthquake

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earthquake Research Advances 2023年第1期3卷 31-36页

作者： Fan Xie Chen Liang Shigui Dai Bo Shao Huibao Huang Jinhui Ouyang Li Li Eric Larose Institute of Science and Technology China Three Gorges CorporationBeijing 100089China Key Laboratory of earthquake Source Physics China Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100081China Dadu River Hydropower Development Co. Ltd.Chengdu 610016China Sichuan earthquake Agency Chengdu 610044China ISTerre CNRSand University Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance

Relative seismic velocity change(dv/v)is important for monitoring changes in subsurface material properties and evaluating earthquake-induced rock slope damage in a geological disaster-prone region.In this paper,we present a rapid damage assessment on three slow-moving rock slopes by measuring dv/v decrease caused by the 2022 M_(S) 6.8 luding earthquake in Southwest China.By applying the stretching method to the cross-correlated seismic wavefields between sensors installed on each slope,we obtain earthquake-induced dv/v decreases of~2.1%,~0.5%,and~0.2%on three slopes at distances ranging from~86 to~370 km to the epicenter,respectively.Moreover,based on seismic data recorded by 16 sensors deployed on the rock slope at a distance of~370 km away from the epicenter,a localized dv/v decease region was observed at the crest of the slope by calculating the spatial dv/v images before and after the earthquake.We also derive an empirical in situ stress sensitivity of -7.29×10^(-8)/Pa by relating the dv/v change to the measured peak dynamic stresses.Our results indicate that a rapid dv/v assessment not only can help facilitate on-site emergency response to earthquakeinduced secondary geological disasters but also can provide a better understanding of the subsurface geological risks under diverse seismic loadings.

关键词： Relative velocity change Rock slope damage luding earthquake Space-time evolution

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Rupture process and aftershock focal mechanisms of the 2022 M6.8 luding earthquake in Sichuan

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earthquake Science 2022年第6期35卷 474-484页

作者： Zhigao Yang Danqing Dai Yong Zhang Xuemei Zhang Jie Liu China earthquake Networks Center Beijing 100045China School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China

According to the China earthquake Networks Center,a strong earthquake of M6.8 occurred in luding County,Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture,Sichuan Province,China(102.08°E,29.59°N),on September 5,2022,with a focal depth of 16 km.Rapid determination of the source parameters of the earthquake sequence is vital for post-earthquake rescue,disaster assessment,and scientific research.Near-field seismic observations play a key role in the fast and reliable determination of earthquake source parameters.The numerous broadband seismic stations and strong-motion stations recently deployed by the National earthquake Intensity Rapid Report and Early Warning project have provided valuable real-time near-field observation data.Using these near-field observations and conventional mid-and far-field seismic waveform records,we obtained the focal mechanism solutions of the mainshock and M≥3.0 aftershocks through the waveform fitting method.We were further able to rapidly invert the rupture process of the mainshock.Based on the evaluation of the focal mechanism solution of the mainshock and the regional tectonic setting,we speculate that the Xianshuihe fault formed the seismogenic structure of the M6.8 strong earthquake.The aftershocks formed three spatially separated clusters with distinctly different focal mechanisms,reflecting the segmented nature of the Xianshuihe fault.As more high-frequency information has been applied in this study,the absolute location of the fault rupture is better constrained by the near-field strong-motion data.The rupture process of the mainshock correlates well with the spatial distribution of aftershocks,i.e.,aftershock activities were relatively weak in the maximum slip area,and strong aftershock activities were distributed in the peripheral regions.

关键词： luding earthquake rupture process focal mechanism strong motion

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Rapid assessment of the September 5,2022 M_(S)6.8 luding earthquake in Sichuan,China

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earthquake Research Advances 2023年第2期3卷 1-7页

作者： Dengjie Kang Wenkai Chen Huaiqun Zhao Dun Wang Lanzhou Institute of Seismology Lanzhou730000GansuChina China University of Geosciences(Wuhan) Wuhan430000HubeiChina

At 12:52,September 5,2022,an M_(S)6.8 earthquake occurred in luding,Sichuan.The earthquake caused serious casualties and property loss,and was determined to have an epicenter intensity of Ⅸ degree.In this study,we used three earthquake intensity rapid assessment methods(i.e.WFM,BPM and ASM) to evaluate the intensity of this earthquake.Then,we comparatively analyzed the three methods based on strong ground motion observation data and actual intensity maps.The results show that:(1) The earthquake is associated with a southeast-oriented single-sided rupture.The WFM method can only evaluate earthquakes with two-sided ruptures,which has some limitations;(2) The intensity of BPM and ASM was overestimated on the southwest and north sides of the epicenter,but other high-intensity zones were similar to the intensities measured by actual surveys;(3) The residuals of the three intensity assessment methods were all between-0.5 and 1.Although a small number of stations were underestimated,the overall residuals were good,and the residuals gradually approached 0 with the increase of distance;(4) The number of towns and villages evaluated by the three methods in the earthquake area was almost all lower than the field survey results.One exception is the area of Ⅷ degree,where the BPM and ASM were higher than the survey results;(5) The area of the earthquake area evaluated by the three methods was low in Ⅵ and Ⅶ degree,moderate in Ⅷ degree,and low in Ⅸ degree(the area from ASM is similar to the area measured by actual survey).Overall,ASM is applicable to this earthquake intensity assessment.

关键词： luding earthquake Seismic intensity Rapid assessment Ground-Motion prediction equation Back-projection Aftershock

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