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Challenges and countermeasures for developing countries in addressing loss and damage caused by climate change

Advances in Climate Change Research 2024年第2期15卷 353-363页

作者： Shuo LIU Yu-E LI Bin WANG An-Dong CAI Chao FENG Hua LAN Ruo-Chen ZHAO Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijing 100081China China Clean Development Mechanism Fund Management Center Beijing 100045China School of International Law China University of Political Science and LawBeijing 100088China

loss and damage caused by extreme climate events have attracted increasing attention.The 28th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(hereinafter referred to as the Convention)has agreed to adopt loss and damage Fund agreement,which identified the source of funding and the funds to be entrusted to the World Bank.However,there is still ambiguous that how to allocate the funds could accelerate the effectiveness of meeting the needs for developing countries.Pre-disaster prevention and preparedness is one of the most effective measures to deal with loss and damage,which closely related to adaptation.Previous studies rarely analyzed quantitatively the financial needs of pre-disaster prevention and preparedness relating to adaptation to reduce loss and damage.Based on the official reports submitted by countries under the Convention,this study analyzes the annual change in the total financial support provided by developed countries to developing countries,the proportion of pre-disaster prevention and preparedness in the adaptation needs of developing countries,and the progress in raising the current annual funding target of 100 billion USD for developed countries,to reveal the financial and technical challenges facing by developing countries on addressing loss and damage.The results show that by 2030,the total adaptation financial needs of developing countries are estimated to be about 3.8 trillion USD,of which pre-disaster prevention matters account for about 9%.Therefore,by 2030,developing countries will need about 342 billion USD in pre-disaster prevention and preparedness finance to withstand loss and damage.In addition,developing countries face a lack of technical methods to quantify information about their needs.Based on the above analysis,this study puts forward countermeasures and suggestions,including strengthening the allocation amount of loss and damage fund on pre-disaster warning,prevention and control actions,and establishing track modalities on the finance pr

关键词： loss and damage Funding mechanism Pre-disaster warning and preparedness Convention negotiations Countermeasures

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Extreme Weather loss and damage Estimation Using a Hybrid Simulation Technique

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2022年第4期13卷 592-601页

作者： Charles Doktycz Mark Abkowitz Hiba Baroud School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTN 37235USA

History has shown that occurrences of extreme weather are becoming more frequent and with greater impact,regardless of one's geographical location.In a risk analysis setting,what will happen,how likely it is to happen,and what are the consequences,are motivating questions searching for answers.To help address these considerations,this study introduced and applied a hybrid simulation model developed for the purpose of improving understanding of the costs of extreme weather events in the form of loss and damage,based on empirical data in the contiguous United States.Model results are encouraging,showing on average a mean cost estimate within 5%of the historical cost.This creates opportunities to improve the accuracy in estimating the expected costs of such events for a specific event type and geographic location.In turn,by having a more credible price point in determining the cost-effectiveness of various infrastructure adaptation strategies,it can help in making the business case for resilience investment.

关键词： Climate change Cost estimation Extreme weather loss and damage loss normalization Monte Carlo simulation

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loss and damage as an Alternative to Resilience and Vulnerability?Preliminary Reflections on an Emerging Climate Change Adaptation Discourse

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2014年第1期5卷 88-93页

作者： Alexander Fekete Patrick Sakdapolrak Risk and Crisis Management Section Cologne University of Applied Sciences50679 CologneGermany Department of Geography University of Bonn53115 BonnGermany

One relatively novel way of assessing the characteristics and limitations of resilience and vulnerability(R&V)is undertaken in this article by investigating a growing alternative paradigm—loss and damage(L&D)policy.The idea of L&D as an emerging policy may be surprising to many in the disaster risk management community,and so we first outline the origins of this trend,and then explore the potential benefits and pitfalls of adopting it.This short article represents our preliminary opinions and observations regarding this reintroduction of a longestablished concept.We also present results from a very brief peer-group survey on some of the first immediate reactions towards L&D policy.At this early stage,this article cannot offer a full-fledged analysis,but our reflections may serve as a starting point to encourage further discussion.

关键词： Climate change adaptation loss and damage Resilience Vulnerability

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Climate Justice Dimensions:Approaching loss and damage and Adaptation towards a Just City

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Journal of Geographical Research 2023年第4期6卷 26-44页

作者： Pedro Henrique Campello Torres Gabriel Pires de Araújo Marcos Tavares de Arruda Filho Isabela Carmo Cavaco Beatriz Dunder Institute of Energy and Environment University of São PauloSão Paulo05508-900Brazil

The escalating occurrence of severe climatic events over the past decade,with a projection for further intensification due to the climate emergency,underscores the critical role of urban and regional planning in climate action towards just cities.Municipalities and regions are both significant contributors to CO_(2)emissions and are vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change.This paper contends that urban and regional planning must undergo a paradigm shift to address this challenge.Climate justice,encompassing dimensions of inequality and environmental equity,is a pivotal dialogue in these contexts.Through a comprehensive review,this study contributes to the evolving landscape of climate justice planning and policy,offering insights that could resonate across the Global South and beyond.As an illustrative case,the authors delve into Brazil’s climate challenges,discussing adaptation planning and post-disaster response,and emphasizing the need for localized and community-driven initiatives.This article delves into the interplay between loss and damage,adaptation,and just cities,with a focus on the Global South.The authors scrutinize the emerging discourse on loss and damage,its associations with climate impacts,and the quest for a just and equitable approach.The work advances the understanding of the distinction between adaptation and loss and damage actions,highlighting the significance of a dedicated fund for addressing loss and damage in vulnerable countries.

关键词： Climate justice loss and damage Global South Just adaptation Brazil

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Exploring loss and damage at the International Climate Change Talks

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2014年第3期5卷 242-246页

作者： Karen Elizabeth McNamara School of Geography Planning and Environmental ManagementThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD 4072Australia

In recent years, there has been a growing need to address loss and damage as a result of climate change through international processes. At the most recent November 2013 international climate change talks in Warsaw, 194 countries negotiated the best way to establish institutional arrangements for loss and damage under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Such a decision to establish these arrangements was made in 2012 in Doha in a decision known as the‘‘Doha Gateway.’’ While the 19th(2013) Conference of the Parties succeeded in delivering the Warsaw International Mechanism for loss and damage Associated with Climate Change Impacts, there was concern by some negotiators earlier into the conference that this would never transpire given the staunch disagreements between countries and lobbying blocks on a way forward. This article provides a brief historical overview of loss and damage at the climate change talks, and examines the key discourses defining this issue between 2011 and 2013 by analyzing submissions by lobbying blocks and member countries, and final negotiated texts. These discourses revolve around causality and solutions, compensation, and the relationship between loss and damage and adaptation.

关键词： Adaptation Climate change loss and damage Mitigation United Nations

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Remedies for loss and damage caused by climate change from the dimension of climate justice

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Chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment 2016年第4期16卷 253-261页

作者： Mingde Cao Qi Wang Yu Cheng Civil Commercial and Economic Law SchoolChina University of Political Science and Law

Adverse consequences to the ecological system and human health caused by impacts potentially attributable to climate change have already drawn great and widespread concern of many scientists and international organizations.However,we still have a hard time determining exactly the impact of climate change on the environment or the damage that climate change inflicts on countries comprising small islands or low-lying lands in light of today's science and technology.The progress for dealing with the issue of loss and damage has been struggling for a long time from the beginning to the present.In this paper,the author begins by summarizing talks on the concept and the positions of commentators.The author is proposing that the development of future climate negotiations and rule-making process be based on global climate justice as a standard for measuring value.Also,the author proposes that a holistic view of climate justice be established.Generally,three aspects of climate justice can be derived.First,the dimension of human rights protection shows that protection of fundamental human rights is a logical precondition if small-island and low-lying countries are able to achieve climate justice.Second,the definite and traditional concepts of distributive justice and corrective justice hold the view that the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities should be upheld as a basic standard of allocating rights and duties associated with climate change.Third,climate justice requires that any state follow the "no-harm principle," which is regarded as an international customary rule.According to the principle,the obligation of states to prevent the use of their territory for causing trans-boundary harm to the environment shall be a violation of state responsibility,which incurs international punishment.Then we put forward three remedial approaches in light of climate justice,including the approach of State Responsibility(SR) based on the principles and rules of international human rights law and international enviro

关键词： loss and damage climate justice principle of CBDR state responsibility international environmental regulation

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The Paris Agreement Revisited: Diplomatic Triumphalism or Denial of Climate Justice?

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2022年第2期13卷 183-203页

作者： Chrislain Eric Kenfack Department of Political Science University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada

The 2015 Paris COP 21, after the failure of the 2009 Copenhagen COP, raised many expectations regarding the elaboration of the post-Kyoto legal instrument to lead the global fight against climate change. At the sunset of the summit, world leaders and climate negotiators, relayed by mainstream Medias, presented the results of the Paris climate discussions as an important success for the global climate community. A success contested by climate justice and just transition defenders. Given the foundation role the Paris agreement plays for subsequent global, national and sub-national climate policies on one side and, on the other side, the continuous growing global demands for climate justice and just transition, this article investigates the conciliatory possibilities put in place by the agreement to advance those demands. To reach such goals, the article focuses on the retrospective critical reading of the agreement in the light of human-centered climate perspectives such as climate justice and just transition, without neglecting other aspects related to the very nature of the agreement, and the enhanced commodification of nature and resulting carbon trading. This analysis of the agreement through climate justice lenses will be instrumental in confirming or disproving the following hypothesis: From the climate justice and just transition perspectives, the success of the Paris regime will not pass through the implementation of the Paris agreement itself, but thought corrective mechanisms that could be put in place to correct the loopholes of the agreement. The initiative of putting such post-Paris corrective mechanisms in place is expected to be one of the key priorities of the international community.

关键词： Climate Justice Climate Politics Just Transition loss and damage Paris Agreement

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