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Human activity during the late Pleistocene in the lop nur region, northwest China： Evidence from a buried stone artifact

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Science China Earth Sciences 2018年第11期61卷 1659-1668页

作者： Kangkang LI Xiaoguang QIN Xiaoyan YANG Bing XU Lei ZHANG Guijin MU Dong WEI Chunxue WANG Yong WU Xiaohong TIAN Yongchong LIN Wen LI Jiaqi LIU Yinxin JIAO Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment Beijing 100044 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi 830011 China School of Archaeology Jilin University Changchun 130012 China Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology Urumqi 830011 China Bureau of Cultural Heritage of Ruoqiang County Ruoqiang 841800 China

The lop nur region, in the east part of Tarim Basin, was an important transportation junction between west and east,north and south Eurasia. However, previous studies on prehistoric human activity have concentrated mostly on the Bronze Age,whereas that during the Stone Age remains largely unresearched. Here, we present a new direct evidence of human activity in the late Pleistocene, recorded on a grinding stone buried in a lacustrine sediment section of the lop nur region. The grain size distribution of the sediment section indicates that the site was probably in the center of a lake with weak hydrodynamic environment. Therefore, the stone artifact can only be carried to here by people instead of river and it was never move as soon as left here. Results of radiocarbon dating, the evident stratigraphic relations between the stone artifact and the sedimentary formation, indicate that the human activity could extend to approximately 13 ka BP. Furthermore, the results of starch-grain and use-wear analyses suggest that ancient humans gathered seeds of Triticeae, roots, and tubers and used the grinding stone to simply process selected plant as plant foodstuffs during this period. It implies that the environmental conditions in the river delta of the lop nur were inhabitable during the late Pleistocene.

关键词： lop nur Late Pleistocene Stone artefact Human activity Paleo-enviroument

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Growth and sustainability of Suaeda salsa in the lop nur,China

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Journal of Arid Land 2018年第3期10卷 429-440页

作者： LI Congjuan LIU Ran WANG Shijie SUN Yongqiang LI Shengyu ZHANG Heng GAO Jie DANG Yanxi ZHANG Lili National Engineering Technology Research Center for Desert-Oasis Ecological Construction Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi 830011 China State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi 830011 China Singapore Deposit Insurance Corporation (SDIC) Xinjiang Luobupo Potash Co. Ltd. Urumqi 839000 China Tarim Branch PetroChina Company Limited Korla 841000 China

Extremely saline soils are very harsh environments for the growth and survival of most plant species, however, halophytes can grow well. The underlying mechanism of halophyte to resist high saline is not well understood by us. This study was conducted at the potash mine near the lop nur, China, where the effects of the halophyte Suaeda salsa L. on the saline-alkaline soils and its growth and sustainability were investigated. Four plots（in which the salt encrustation layers were removed）, with different soil treatments were evaluated：（1） undisturbed soil, with no additional treatment（T1）;（2） the slag soil zone, in which a 40-cm layer of slag was placed on the undisturbed soil surface（T2）;（3） slag＋sandy soil, in which a 20-cm layer of slag was placed in the lower layer and 20 cm of sandy soil, taken from an area about 70 km away from lop nur potash mine, where Tamarix species were growing, was placed in the upper layer（T3）; and（4） a 40-cm sandy soil layer taken from the area where Tamarix species were growing was placed on undisturbed soil（T4）. Soil nutrient contents increased in the four treatments, but salt content only decreased in the T1 treatment. Salt content in the T4 treatment increased over the two-year period, which may be partly attributed to salt deposition from wind-blown dust within the mine and salt accumulation within the surface soil（0–20 cm） in response to high evaporative demands. The S. salsa plants exhibited greater improvements in growth under the T4 treatment than under the T1, T2, and T3 treatments, which demonstrated that low levels of salinity are beneficial for the growth of this species. The T1 treatment was sustainable because of its low cost and superior soil improvement characteristics. Therefore, S. salsa plants not only reduced soil salinity and increased soil nutrient levels, but also ameliorated the plant growth environment, which would be beneficial for both the ecological restoration of the lop nur area and similar areas throughout

关键词： Suaeda salsa saline-alkaline soil plant-soil interaction sustainability lop nur

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The paleoclimatic environment reconstruction of lop nur in NW China in UAV spectroscopy

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2023年第4期41卷 1425-1443页

作者： Lan YANG Tingting ZHANG Huaze GONG Yuyang GENG Guangjin TIAN Laboratory of Target Microwave Properties Deqing Academy of Satellite ApplicationsHuzhou 313200China Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China School of Government Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

The change in the ecological environment in the arid core area is a critical issue in the context of global *** study the paleoclimate evolution,precise identification of minerals deposited in Asia’s arid hinterland,lop nur Salt Lake,NW China was *** hyperspectral data of the salt crust was sampled to identify the species and content of sedimentary minerals,and the multispectral photos were used to reconstruct the salt crust morphology using the unmanned aerial vehicles *** SUnSAL(sparse unmixing by variable splitting and augmented Lagrangian)method was employed to inverse the sedimentary mineral components along the *** heterogeneity of salt and clay minerals in bright and dark ear-shaped strips was *** paleoclimatic environment associated with salt lake extinction was reconstructed by analyzing paleoclimate records of sediments,spectral reflectance and morphology of the salt *** show that:(1)the variations in the micro-geomorphology of the salt crust are obviously the reason for the formation of bright and dark ear-shaped strips and the differences in the species and relative content of the sedimentary minerals are the microscopic *** high ratio of sedimentary salt minerals to clay minerals(RS/C)contributes to the high reflectivity,and the salt crust presents a bright *** low RS/C results in the low reflectivity,salt crust presents a dark texture;(2)the bright and dark ear-shaped strips represent warm-arid and cold-humid *** shape of the lop nur Lake shoreline evolved due to alternating warm-dry and cold-humid paleoclimate changes.

关键词： UAV remote sensing lop nur sparse spectral unmixing salt lake paleoclimate change

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The consistency between Na content distribution at the subsurface and the lake body’s movement in lop nur

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2016年第7期9卷 662-675页

作者： Bingyan Li Huaze Gong Yun Shao Lin Li Longfei Wang Changan Liu Kaixin Xie School of Earth Science and Resource China University of GeosciencesBeijingPeople’s Republic of China Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPeople’s Republic of China Department of Earth Sciences Indiana University-Purdue UniversityIndianapolisINUSA University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingPeople’s Republic of China

Historically,lop nur was a large and famous salt lake that acted as an important geographic position along the ancient‘Silk Road’,and was associated with the surrounding old civilizations,such as Loulan and ***,it dried up before *** shows a clear‘Ear’feature on synthetic aperture radar(SAR)*** objective of this paper is to interpret lop nur’s environmental evolution during its drying-up process based on an analysis of its sodium sedimentary *** genetic algorithm-partial least squares approach is introduced as a modeling method to retrieve the subsurface sodium content from polarimetric parameters obtained by Cloude *** a result,the R2 and root-mean-square error can reach 0.7 and 9.1 g/*** is suggested that the subsurface salt content was the primary reason for the bright-grey strips textures on SAR ***,our results show that the sodium content along the same strip changed,with its distribution exhibiting consistency with the lake body’s movement driven by the strong *** future,high-precision topographical data will be considered,and should be helpful in the analysis of lake body *** method of this paper can also be applied in other similar dried salt lakes.

关键词： lop nur ‘Ear’feature PolSAR polarimetric decomposition parameters GA-PLS

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Climate change in the Hongliujing area of lop nur over the past 200 years revealed by the stable oxygen isotopes of Tamarix cones

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2023年第4期17卷 970-980页

作者： Zhiguang LI Yaqing DONG Haoyu ZHANG Hongxiao SUN Danyang JIA Shikai SONG Yuanjie ZHAO Hebei Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction College of Geographical SciencesHebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuang 050024China Hebei Center for Ecological and Environmental Geology Research Hebei GEO UniversityShijiazhuang 050031China

The layers of Tamarix cones within sedimentary deposits in arid regions have significant chronological and paleoenvironmental ***,we compare the δ^(18)O values of Tamarix cones in the Hongliujing area of lop nur with meteorological data for the Ruoqiang meteorological station for 1960-2019 *** regression analysis was used to reconstruct the average temperature for April and the precipitation for November in the Hongliujing area over the past 200 *** results showed that the δ^(18)O values were significantly negatively correlated with the temperature for February,April,May,August,December,and with the annual mean temperature;significantly negatively correlated with the precipitation for February and April;significantly negatively correlated with the sunshine hours for March and May;significantly positively correlated with the sunshine hours for February,July,August,October,and December,and with the annual mean values;and significantly correlated with the relative humidity for April,July,August,September,October,and November,and with the annual mean *** on the δ^(18)O record of the past 200 years,the Hongliujing area experienced two warm-wet periods(1874-1932 and 2004-2019 AD)and two cold-dry periods(1832–1873 and 1933-2003 AD).Thus,the climate was characterized by alternating warm-wet and cold-dry *** analysis revealed three main cycles:45 years,29 years,and 14 years.

关键词： Tamarix cones climate change δ^(18)O lop nur

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Hydrochemical Characteristics and Evolution of Underground Brine in lop nur,Northwestern China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2024年第3期98卷 786-800页

作者： BO Ying LIU Chenglin JIAO Pengcheng LU Fenglin ZHANG Hua MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment Institute of Mineral ResourcesChinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100037China

lop nur is located at the eastmost end of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang,Northwestern *** study reviews the hydrochemical characteristics and evolution of underground brine in lop nur,based on analytical data from 429 water samples(mainly brine).It is found that in the NE-SW direction,from the periphery to the Luobei sub-depression,while the hydrochemical type varies from the sodium sulfate subtype(S)to the magnesium sulfate subtype(M),the corresponding brine in the phase diagram transfers from the thenardite phase(Then)area,through the bloedite phase(Blo),epsomite phase(Eps),picromerite phase(Picro),finally reaching the sylvite phase(Syl)*** for the degree of evolution,the sequence is the peripherylop nur brine primarily originates from surface water;however,deep recharge may also be involved in the evolution of the brine,according to previous noble gas *** is confirmed that the brine in lop nur has become enriched with potassium prior to halite precipitation over the full course of the salt lake's *** on chemical compositions of brine from drillhole LDK01 and previous lithological studies,the evolution of the salt lake can be divided into three stages and it is inferred that the brine in lop nur may have undergone at least two significant concentration-dilution periods.

关键词： brine evolution isotope enrichment potassium lop nur

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The Impact of the Linked Factors of Provenance,Tectonics and Climate on Potash Formation:An Example from the Potash Deposits of lop nur Depression in Tarim Basin,Xinjiang,Western China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2015年第6期89卷 2030-2048页

作者： LIU Chenglin JIAO Pengcheng Lü Fenglin WANG Yongzhi SUN Xiaohong ZHANG Hua WANG Licheng YAO Fojun MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment Institute of Mineral ResourcesChinese Academy of Geological Sciences School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences College of Instrumentation & Electrical Engineering Jilin University

Potash deposits commonly accumulate in highly restricted settings at the final stage of brine evaporation. This does not mean that potash deposits are formed simply as a result of the evaporation concentration of seawater or lake water, but rather as a coupling result of particular provenance, tectonics and climate activities. In this paper, we focus on the formative mechanism of the potash deposits of lop nur depression in Tarim Basin to interpret the detailed coupling mechanism among provenance, tectonics and climate. In terms of the provenance of lop nur Lake, the water of the Tarim River which displays ＂potassium-rich＂ characteristics play an important role. In addition, the Pliocene and Lower-Middle Pleistocene clastic beds surrounding lop nur Lake host a certain amount of soluble potassium and thus serves as ＂source beds＂ for potash formation. During the late Pliocene, the lop nur region has declined and evolved into a great lake from the previous piedmont and diluvial fan area. Since the mid Pleistocene, the great-united lop nur Lake has been separated and has generated a chain system consisting of Taitema Lake, Big Ear Lake and Luobei Lake which has turned into the deepest sag in lop nur Lake. Dry climate in lop nur region has increased since the Pliocene, and became extreme at the late Pleistocene. The study implies that potash formation in lop nur Lake depends on the optimal combination of extreme components of provenance, tectonics and climate during a shorter-term period. The optimal patterns of three factors are generally characterized by the long-term accumulation and preliminary enrichment of potassium, the occurrence of the deepest sub-depression and the appearance of an extremely arid climate in lop nur region. These factors have been interacting synergistically since the forming of the saline lake and in the later stages strong ＂vapor extraction＂ caused by extremely arid climate is needed to trigger large scale mineralization of potash deposits.

关键词： Potash formation coupling mechanism provenance tectonics climate lop nur Tarim basin

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Sediment record of environmental change at Lake lop nur (Xinjiang, NW China) from 13.0 to 5.6 cal ka BP

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2017年第5期35卷 1070-1078页

作者：汪敬忠贾红娟 Experiment & Practice Teaching Center Heibei GEO University Shifiazhuang 050031 China

Lake lop nur is located in the eastern part of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang,northwestern China.A 220-cm-long sediment core was collected from the center of the ear-shaped depression forming the basin and dated with AMS^(14)*** size,total organic matter(TOC),total nitrogen(TN),and TOC/TN(C/N)analyses were used to reconstruct climatic conditions from 13.0 to 5.6 cal ka *** results showed fi ve main climatic *** I(13.0–11.3 cal ka BP)was a wet–dry environment,whereas Zone II(11.3–8.9 cal ka BP)consisted of a primarily wet *** III(8.9–7.7 cal ka BP)was subdivided into Zone IIIa(8.9–8.2 cal ka BP)that indicated lake constriction and dry climate,and Zone IIIb(8.2–7.7 cal ka BP)in which the proxies indicated wet *** Zone IV(7.7–6.6 cal ka BP),the climate presented a bit wet *** Zone V(6.6–5.6 cal ka BP),abundant glauberite is present in the sediment and silt dominates the lithology;these results indicate the lake shrank and the overall climate was *** environmental events were also identifi ed,including six dry events at 11.0,10.5,9.3,8.6,8.2,and 7.6 cal ka BP and one fl ood event from 7.8 to 7.7 cal ka BP in the Early–Middle Holocene.

关键词： sediment record environmental evolution abrupt environmental changing events lop nur northwestern China

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Features and Formation Mechanism of Faults and Potash-forming Effect in the lop nur Salt Lake,Xinjiang,China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2006年第6期80卷 936-943页

作者： LIU Chenglin WANG Mili JIAO Pengcheng LI Shude CHEN Yongzhi School of Environmental Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing 100037

The lop nur Salt Lake, located in the eastern part of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China, has become a playa in the Quaternary. Rhombic in shape, the lop nur depression is mainly controlled by the NE-striking and nearly N-S-striking sets of faults. Since 1995, a superlarge brine potash deposit with potash resources of 2.50×10^8s t has been found in the Luobei subbasin in the northeastern part of the lop nur. We intensively studied the features and formation mechanism of faults inside the lop nur through satellite images, geomorphologic survey and continuous conductivity imaging and found seven subparallel graben faults formed under the action of nearly N 10° E principal compressional stress during deposition of the lop nur Salt Lake. These faults are up to 〉60 km long and 1-4 km wide and may extend downward for 1000 m or more. It is just under the action of these tensional faults that potash subbasius formed. The largest subbasin is the Luobei subbasin and the smaller ones are the Luoxi hollow, Erbei hollow and Tienan hollow. Investigation also indicates that the graben faults in the lop nur not only control the origin of the potash subbasins, but they themselves are also good brine reservoir structures, in which abundant potash-rich brines are stored. Therefore, The faults had played an important role in the potash formation of the lop nur.

关键词： Xinjiang lop nur salt lake fault potash formation

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Quaternary Climate and Environment in the lop nur,Xinjiang

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2000年第2期74卷 273-278页

作者： WANG Mill PU Qingyu LIU Chenglin CHEN Yongzhi Geological Society of China 26 Baiwanzhuang Rd.Beijing 100037 Institute of Mineral Deposits Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences26 Baiwanzhuang Rd.Beijing 100037

Since the middle Early Pleistocene (1.20 Ma B.P.), the desert steppe climate and environment have predominated in the lop nur area, Xinjiang, characterized by warm humid epochs interrupted by dry cold intervals. The grain-size and magnetic susceptibility curves record 30 climatic oscillations, each with a ca. 40 ka cycle, in the area since 1.2 Ma B.P., which reflects the controlling effects exerted by the astronomic factor on the environment. The Quaternary sedimentary environment in the lop nur gradually changed from a fresh lake through a brackish lake to a saline lake, showing a spiral evolution, and finally it evolved into a playa.

关键词： lop nur Quaternary palaeoclimate sedimentary environment sporopollen

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