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Dynamic Modeling Framework of Sediment Trapped by Check-Dam Networks:A Case Study of a Typical Watershed on the Chinese Loess plateau

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Engineering 2023年第8期27卷 209-221页

作者： Pengcheng Sun Yiping Wu Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering the Ministry of Natural ResourcesShaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co.Ltd.Xi’an 710075China Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation on the Loess plateau of Ministry of Water Resources Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic ResearchZhengzhou 450003China Technology Innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlement Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co.Ltd.&Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710115China

Check-dam construction is an effective and widely used method for sediment trapping in the Yellow River Basin and other places over the world that are prone to severe soil erosion.Quantitative estimations of the dynamic sediment trapped by check dams are necessary for evaluating the effects of check dams and planning the construction of new ones.In this study,we propose a new framework,named soil and water assessment tool(SWAT)–dynamic check dam(DCDam),for modeling the sediment trapped by check dams dynamically,by integrating the widely utilized SWAT model and a newly developed module called DCDam.We then applied this framework to a typical loess watershed,the Yan River Basin,to assess the time-varying effects of check-dam networks over the past 60 years(1957–2016).The DCDam module generated a specific check-dam network to conceptualize the complex connections at each time step(monthly).In addition,the streamflow and sediment load simulated by using the SWAT model were employed to force the sediment routing in the check-dam network.The evaluation results revealed that the SWAT-DCDam framework performed satisfactorily,with an overestimation of 11.50%,in simulating sediment trapped by check dams,when compared with a field survey of the accumulated sediment deposition.For the Yan River Basin,our results indicated that the designed structural parameters of check dams have evolved over the past 60 years,with higher dams(37.14%and 9.22%increase for large dams and medium dams,respectively)but smaller controlled areas(46.03%and 10.56%decrease for large dams and medium dams,respectively)in recent years.Sediment retained by check dams contributed to approximately 15.00%of the total sediment load reduction in the Yan River during 1970–2016.Thus,our developed framework can be a promising tool for evaluating check-dam effects,and this study can provide valuable information and support to decision-making for soil and water conservation and check-dam planning and management.

关键词： Check dams Dynamic check dam(DCDam) Loess plateau Sediment trapping SWAT

Species composition and influencing factors of understory woody species in Robinia pseudoacacia plantations on the Loess plateau

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林业研究:英文版 2023年第6期34卷 1693-1706页

作者： Haijiao Yang Jinfang Gao Chao Pan Shiqi Qing Yun Wu Lina Jiang Zhibin Wang Dihai Wang College of Forestry Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100ShaanxiPeople’s Republic of China

Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)plantations have contributed significantly to soil and water conservation and ecological reconstruction on China’s Loess plateau.Understanding the impact of stand and environment on species composition of understory woody plants will improve the stability of existing black locust plantations.Ten stands were selected in second-generation black locust plantations in tableland and gully areas of the Loess plateau.The number of understory tree species in the tablelands was significantly lower than in the gully stands.Regenerated black locust(19.76%)and Rubus corchorifolius L.f.(64.85%)were the most abundant understory tree and shrub species,respectively,in the tableland stands;Broussonetia papyrifera(L.)L’Hér.ex Vent.(6.77%)and Acanthopanax senticosus(Rupr.Maxim.)Harms.(37.22%)were most abundant in the gully stands.Species richness(S),Shannon diversity(H),and evenness index(J)of the understory plants were significantly lower in the tableland stands than in the gully stands.More diverse understory species and community structures occurred in the gully stands.Differences in species diversity among landform positions may be attributed to differences in soil moisture.In addition,77.57%of the variation in understory species composition was explained,among which shrub and herb coverage,stand age,leaf area index,slope and total soil phosphorus in the 10-20 cm layer were the main factors.Soil organic carbon and total potassium significantly impacted S,H and J.Considering the environmental conditions and the biological characteristics of the plants investigated,R.corchorifolius should be given priority in the development of tableland stands,while B.papyrifera and Celtis sinensis Pers.should form mixed forests with black locust in gully stands.This management could promote biodiversity and stability of the existing black locust plantations but also optimize regional landscape patterns.

关键词： Black locust plantation Understory woody plants Species composition Species diversity pattern Loess plateau

Spatiotemporal variations in ecosystem services and their trade-offs and synergies against the background of the gully control and land consolidation project on the Loess plateau,China

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Journal of Arid Land 2024年第1期16卷 131-145页

作者： WANG Jing WEI Yulu PENG Biao LIU Siqi LI Jianfeng Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering Ministry of Natural and ResourcesXi'an 710075China Institute of Land Engineering and Technology Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co.Ltd.Xi'an 710021China School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an 710049China Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation Xi'an 710064China

Studying the spatiotemporal variations in ecosystem services and their interrelationships on the Loess plateau against the background of the gully control and land consolidation(GCLC)project has significant implications for ecological protection and quality development of the Yellow River Basin.Therefore,in this study,we took Yan'an City,Shaanxi Province of China,as the study area,selected four typical ecosystem services,including soil conservation service,water yield service,carbon storage service,and habitat quality service,and quantitatively evaluated the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services from 2010 to 2018 using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.We also analysed the relationship between the GCLC project and regional ecosystem service changes in various regions(including 1 city,2 districts,and 10 counties)of Yan'an City and proposed a coordinated development strategy between the GCLC project and the ecological environment.The results showed that,from 2010 to 2018,soil conservation service decreased by 7.76%,while the other three ecosystem services changed relatively little,with water yield service increasing by 0.56% and carbon storage service and habitat quality service decreasing by 0.16% and 0.14%,respectively.The ecological environment of Yan'an City developed in a balanced way between 2010 and 2018,and the four ecosystem services showed synergistic relationships,among which the synergistic relationships between soil conservation service and water yield service and between carbon storage service and habitat quality service were significant.The GCLC project had a negative impact on the ecosystem services of Yan'an City,and the impact on carbon storage service was more significant.This study provides a theoretical basis for the scientific evaluation of the ecological benefits of the GCLC project and the realization of a win-win situation between food security and ecological security.

关键词： ecosystem services trade-offs and synergies gully control and land consolidation habitat quality Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model Loess plateau

Relationship between multi-scale climate factors and performance of ecological engineering on the Loess plateau, China

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Journal of Forestry Research 2022年第3期33卷 789-800页

作者： Panxing He Jun Ma Zhiming Han Mingjie Shi Dongxiang Xu Zongjiu Sun Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological EngineeringNational Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze EstuarySchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai200438People’s Republic of China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Western Arid Region Grassland Resources and Ecology College of Grassland and Environment SciencesXinjiang Agricultural UniversityUrumqi830052People’s Republic of China State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Hydraulic Engineering in Arid Areas Xi’an University of TechnologyXi’an710077People’s Republic of China School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of QueenslandSt Lucia4072Australia

The long-term “Grain-to-Green Program” (GGP) on China’s Loess plateau is a major global ecological engineering project which has significantly boosted vegetation renewal. Some studies have found that the rate of restoration is quite rapid during the implementation of ecological engineering, however, the influence of multi-scale climatic conditions on the performance of ecological engineering is unclear. In this study, multiple sources of remote sensing data were used to estimate the dynamics of vegetation structural and functional indicators, water-related local climatic factors, and atmospheric circulation factors. These datasets were also used to detect possible causes for vegetation restoration on the Loess plateau over the past 20 years. The results show that widespread increases in rates of normalized difference vegetation indexes (NDVI), leaf area indexes (LAI), gross primary production (GPP), and aboveground biomass carbon (ABC) during 2000–2016 were significantly higher than before 2000. GPP was significantly correlated with rainfall and surface runoff on a monthly scale, and there were significant positive correlations between GPP and atmospheric circulation. Our results demonstrate that both vegetation structural and functional indicators rapidly increase, and ecological engineering greatly accelerated vegetation restoration after 2000. Local climatic conditions and atmospheric circulation patterns enhance vegetation growth and impact of ecological engineering.

关键词： Vegetation restoration Ecological engineering Water-related climatic factors Atmospheric circulation and sunspot Loess plateau

Building a More Sustainable Chinese Loess plateau

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年第1期35卷 283-287页

作者： Peiyue Li Xiaomei Kou Yong Wang Le Niu School of Water and Environment Chang'an UniversityXi'an 710054China Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education Chang'an UniversityXi'an 710054China Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of the Ministry of Water Resources Chang'an UniversityXi'an 710054China PowerChina Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited Xi'an 710065China PowerChina Sinohydro Bureau 3 Co. LTD.Xi'an 710024China

The Chinese Loess plateau,a region of remarkable ecological and economic value,grapples with significant water management challenges due to its distinctive geology and climate.This perspective offers a short review of the eco-environmental protection measures undertaken in the Loess plateau,underscoring the transformative impacts of initiatives such as the“Grain for Green”project.However,it also highlights the enduring challenges,including land degradation,water resources issues,socio-economic inequities,and the implications of climate change.Particularly,water management emerges as a pivotal issue with far-reaching repercussions for soil conservation,biodiversity,and human livelihoods.The paper concludes by proposing future actions,emphasizing the necessity for policy modifications,novel initiatives,and research to tackle these challenges and foster sustainable development in the Loess plateau.The insights gained from this region could offer invaluable lessons for other regions confronted with similar challenges,thereby contributing to global efforts to mitigate desertification and champion sustainable development.

关键词： Loess plateau eco-environmental protection water management sustainable development climate change

Dynamic evolution and the mechanism of modern gully agriculture regional function in the Loess plateau

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2022年第11期32卷 2229-2250页

作者： QU Lulu LI Yurui WANG Yongsheng DONG Shijie WEN Qi School of Public Policy and Administration Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400044China Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CASBeijing 100101China Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling CASBeijing 100101China School of Geography and Planning Ningxia UniversityYinchuan 750021China

The agricultural regional type and function are the key theoretical issues in agricultural geography research.Gully agriculture in the Loess plateau is a new regional type of agricultural system with the coupling development of the modern gully human-earth relationship.The study of its functional changes is of great practical significance for food security,rural revitalization and sustainable development of regional agriculture in the region of interest.This paper analyses the multifunctional change of gully agriculture in the Loess plateau and its dynamic mechanism by using large-scale remote sensing data,topographic relief amplitude model,and spatial econometric model to understand internal implications for evolution differentiation at the basin level.The results show that:(1)The spatial concentration of production and supply function of agricultural products(APF)in the gully of the Loess plateau gully is high,while the ecological conservation and maintenance function(ECF),employment and social security function(ESF),cultural heritage and leisure function(CRF)are relatively low.The four functions’spatial distribution has revealed an apparent regularity.(2)APF has been significantly enhanced,which is mainly distributed in point clusters and strips in the farming and pastoral areas in northern Shaanxi to the Yanhe river basin.The high-value areas of ESF are clustered around the urbanized metropolitan circles and urban-rural staggered areas along the Great Wall.ECF is concentrated in areas with significant natural endowments and excellent ecological conditions.CRF is significantly higher in the municipal districts and the surrounding regional central cities.(3)There are noticeable differences in the gully agriculture regional function(GARF)evolution process due to the geographical environment and socio-economic development stages.In this regard,natural factors have tremendously affected APF,ESF,and ECF,while socio-economic factors greatly differ in the four functions.There are still differences in the driving mech

关键词： dynamic mechanism functional evolution gully human-earth system Loess plateau modern gully agriculture transformation and development

Assessment of drought and its impact on winter wheat yield in the Chinese Loess plateau

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Journal of Arid Land 2022年第7期14卷 771-786页

作者： WANG Fengjiao FU Bojie LIANG Wei JIN Zhao ZHANG Liwei YAN Jianwu FU Shuyi GOU Fen School of Geography and Tourism Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an 710119China State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education Shaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an 710119China State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess plateau Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China School of Geography and Planning Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275China

Drought has pronounced and immediate impacts on agricultural production,especially in semi-arid and arid rainfed agricultural regions.Quantification of drought and its impact on crop yield is essential to agricultural water resource management and food security.We investigated drought and its impact on winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)yield in the Chinese Loess plateau from 2001 to 2015.Specifically,we performed a varimax rotated principal component analysis on drought severity index(DSI)separately for four winter wheat growth periods:pre-sowing growth period(PG),early growth period(EG),middle growth period(MG),and late growth period(LG),resulting in three major subregional DSI dynamics for each growth period.The county-level projections of these major dynamics were then used to evaluate the growth period-specific impacts of DSI on winter wheat yields by using multiple linear regression analysis.Our results showed that the growth period-specific subregions had different major DSI dynamics.During PG,the northwestern area exhibited a rapid wetting trend,while small areas in the south showed a slight drying trend.The remaining subregions fluctuated between dryness and wetness.During EG,the northeastern and western areas exhibited a mild wetting trend.The remaining subregions did not display clear wetting or drying trends.During MG,the eastern and southwestern areas showed slight drying and wetting trends,respectively.The subregions scattered in the north and south had a significant wetting trend.During LG,large areas in the east and west exhibited wetting trends,whereas small parts in south-central area had a slight drying trend.Most counties in the north showed significant and slight wetting trends during PG,EG,and LG,whereas a few southwestern counties exhibited significant drying trends during PG and MG.Our analysis identified close and positive relationships between yields and DSI during LG,and revealed that almost all of the counties were vulnerable to drought.Similar but less strong relationships existed for

关键词： drought severity index winter wheat crop yield principal component analysis Loess plateau

Scenario simulation of water retention services under land use/cover and climate changes: a case study of the Loess plateau, China

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Journal of Arid Land 2022年第4期14卷 390-410页

作者： SUN Dingzhao LIANG Youjia PENG Shouzhang State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess plateau Institute of Water and Soil ConservationChinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water ResourcesYangling 712100China School of Resources and Environmental Engineering Wuhan University of TechnologyWuhan 430070China Institute of Surveying and Mapping Guizhou Geology and Mineral Exploration BureauGuiyang 550018China

Comprehensive assessments of ecosystem services in environments under the influences of human activities and climate change are critical for sustainable regional ecosystem management. Therefore,integrated interdisciplinary modelling has become a major focus of ecosystem service assessment. In this study, we established a model that integrates land use/cover change(LUCC), climate change, and water retention services to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of water retention services in the Loess plateau of China in the historical period(2000–2015) and in the future(2020–2050). An improved Markov-Cellular Automata(Markov-CA) model was used to simulate land use/land cover patterns, and ArcGIS 10.2 software was used to simulate and assess water retention services from 2000 to 2050 under six combined scenarios, including three land use/land cover scenarios(historical scenario(HS), ecological protection scenario(EPS), and urban expansion scenario(UES)) and two climate change scenarios(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, where RCP is the representative concentration pathway). LUCCs in the historical period(2000–2015) and in the future(2020–2050) are dominated by transformations among agricultural land, urban land and grassland. Urban land under UES increased significantly by 0.63×10^(3) km^(2)/a, which was higher than the increase of urban land under HS and EPS. In the Loess plateau, water yield decreased by 17.20×10^(6) mm and water retention increased by 0.09×10^(6) mm in the historical period(2000–2015),especially in the Interior drainage zone and its surrounding areas. In the future(2020–2050), the pixel means of water yield is higher under RCP4.5 scenario(96.63 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario(95.46mm), and the pixel means of water retention is higher under RCP4.5 scenario(1.95 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario(1.38 mm). RCP4.5-EPS shows the highest total water retention capacity on the plateau scale among the six combined scenarios, with the value of 1.27×10^(6) mm. Ecological restoration projects in the Loess plateau have enha

关键词： water retention water yield land use/cover change climate change representative concentration pathway Markov-Cellular Automata model Loess plateau

Unique landslides (loess slide-flows) induced by an extreme rainstorm in 2018 on the Loess plateau: A new geological hazard and erosion process

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2023年第2期38卷 228-239页

作者： Li Luo Wen-Zhao Guo Pei Tian Yi-li Liu Shao-Kun Wang Jia-Wei Luo State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess plateau/College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection Chengdu University of Technology Key Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis & Simulation of Hubei Province Central China Normal University

Currently, the vegetation has recovered well in most areas of the Loess plateau in China, and soil erosion has significantly decreased. However, the heavy rainfall event in July 2018 triggered many instances of a unique type of loess landslides(i.e., slide-flows) on the gully-slopes with vegetation recovery in the Nanxiaohegou Basin on the Loess plateau. This rainfall event was unusual and was a persistent heavy rainfall. The accumulated rainfall from 24 June to 10 July was 232.2 mm, which comprised 42% of the mean annual rainfall. A loess slide-flow is characterized by combining two movement types of the slide and flow. The loess slide-flows first slide on the gully-slopes and then turn into long run-out earthflows moving downstream, delivering vast amounts of sediment to the river. The average landslide erosion rates were 110.8-134.9 kg/m2. These loess slide-flows generally did not occur individually but in groups,which were characterized by large numbers, high density, small scale, and shallow depth. The changes of vegetation characteristics and soil characteristics both had a significant impact on the scale of the landslides. Grass with high coverage had an adverse effect on the occurrence of shallow landslides. The adverse hydrological effects of the plant may offset the weak root reinforcement. loess slide-flows have become a new geological hazard and erosion process on the Loess plateau. loess slide-flows are a prominent ecological and environmental problem after vegetation restoration, and more attention should be paid to loess slide-flows in the future.

关键词： Loess plateau Landslide Soil erosion Vegetation Rainfall