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Vulnerability Assessment of Distributed load shedding Algorithm for Active Distribution Power System Under Denial of Service Attack

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2023年第6期9卷 2066-2075页

作者： Weiwei Xu Jiaming Weng Boliang Lou Xiaoming Huang Hongyang Huang Jun Wu Dan Zhou the School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Research Institute Hangzhou 310014China the State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Research Institute Hangzhou 310014China the College of Information Engineering Zhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou 310023China

In order to deal with frequency deviation andsupply-demand imbalance in active distribution power system, inthis paper a distributed under frequency load shedding (UFLS)strategy is proposed. Different from conventional centralizedUFLS schemes, no centralized master station gathering all thebuses’ information is required. Instead, each bus decides itsown load shedding amount by only relying on limited peer-topeer communication. However, such UFLS strategy may sufferfrom some unexpected cyber-attacks such as integrity attacksand denial of service (DoS) attack. The latter DoS attack aimsto degrade the system performance by jamming or breakingthe communication, which is of high probability to happen inpractical power system. To assess the vulnerability of proposeddistributed UFLS algorithm, the effect of DoS attack on distributed average consensus algorithm is theoretically derived,which indicates that the final consensus value can be estimatedby a given attack probability. It is also investigated that such DoSattack does harm to the load shedding amount and finally affectsthe system frequency performance in the active distributionpower system. Several case studies implemented on an IEEE33-bus active distribution power system are conducted to verifythe effectiveness of the theoretical findings and investigate thevulnerability of the considered power system.

关键词： Active distribution power system cyber security denial of service attack distributed average consensus load shedding

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Cold dwell behaviour of Ti6Al alloy:Understanding load shedding using digital image correlation and dislocation based crystal plasticity simulations

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2022年第33期128卷 254-272页

作者： Yi Xiong NicolòGrilli Phani S.Karamched Bo-Shiuan Li Edmund Tarleton Angus J.Wilkinson Department of Materials University of OxfordParks RoadOxfordOX13PHUnited Kingdom Department of Mechanical Engineering University of BristolQueen’s BuildingUniversity WalkBristolUnited Kingdom Department of Engineering Science University of OxfordParks RoadOxfordOX13PJUnited Kingdom

Digital image correlation(DIC)and dislocation based crystal plasticity simulation were utilised to study cold dwell behaviour in a coarse grain Ti-6Al alloy at 3 different temperatures up to 230℃.Strains extracted from large volume grains were measured during creep by DIC and were used to calibrate the crystal plasticity *** values of critical resolved shear stresses(CRSS)of the two main slip systems(basal and prismatic)were determined as a function of *** along paths across the boundaries of four grain pairs,three“rogue”grain pairs and one“non-rogue”grain pair,were determined at different *** load shedding was observed in one of the“rogue”grain pairs,where a stress increment during the creep period was found in the“hard”grain.A minor load shedding mechanism was observed in two non-typical“rogue”grain pairs,in which the plastic deformation is nonuniform inside the grains and geometrically necessary dislocations accumulate in the centre of the *** elevated temperatures,120℃was found to be the worst case scenario as the stress difference at the grain boundaries of these four grain pairs was found to be the largest among the three temperatures *** origin of this critical temperature is debated in the literature and it is investigated for the first time in the present work by analysing the simultaneous effects of the geometrically necessary dislocations(GND)and the strain rate sensitivity(SRS)of the slip *** analysis shows that the combined effects of the peak SRS of both prismatic and basal slip systems at 80℃and of the increase of the spread of the GND distribution around the grain boundary at higher temperatures are the origin of the observed worst case scenario.

关键词： Cold dwell fatigue Digital image correlation Crystal plasticity load shedding Titanium alloy

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load shedding and Restoration for Intentional Island with Renewable Distributed Generation

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2021年第3期9卷 612-624页

作者： Jian Xu Boyu Xie Siyang Liao Zhiyong Yuan Deping Ke Yuanzhang Sun Xiong Li Xiaotao Peng the School of Electrical Engineering and Automations Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430072China the China Southern Power Grid Research Institute China Southern Power Grid CompanyGuangzhou 510663China

Due to the high penetration of renewable distributed generation(RDG),many issues have become conspicuous during the intentional island operation such as the power mismatch of load shedding during the transition process and the power imbalance during the restoration *** this paper,a phase measurement unit(PMU)based online load shedding strategy and a conservation voltage reduction(CVR)based multi-period restoration strategy are proposed for the intentional island with *** proposed load shedding strategy,which is driven by the blackout event,consists of the load shedding optimization and correction *** the occurrence of the large-scale blackout,the load shedding optimization is solved periodically to obtain the optimal load shedding plan,which meets the dynamic and steady *** the blackout occurs,the correction table updated in real time based on the PMU data is used to modify the load shedding plan to eliminate the power mismatch caused by the fluctuation of *** the system transits to the intentional island seamlessly,multi-period restoration plans are generated to optimize the restoration performance while maintaining power balance until the main grid is ***,CVR technology is implemented to restore more loads by regulating load *** proposed load shedding optimization and restoration optimization are linearized to mixed-integer quadratic constraint programming(MIQCP)*** effectiveness of the proposed strategies is verified with the modified IEEE 33-node system on the real-time digital simulation(RTDS)platform.

关键词： Intentional island renewable distributed generation(RDG) load shedding restoration phase measurement unit(PMU) conservation voltage reduction(CVR)

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load shedding for Window Joins over Streams

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2007年第2期22卷 182-189页

作者：韩东红王国仁肖川周锐 Institute of Computer System Northeastern University Shenyang 110003 China

We address several load shedding techniques over sliding window joins. We first construct a dual window architectural model including aux-windows and join-windows, and build statistics on aux-windows. With the statistics, we develop an effective load shedding strategy producing maximum subset join outputs. In order to accelerate the load shedding process, binary indexed trees have been utilized to reduce the cost on shedding evaluation. When streams have high arrival rates, we propose an approach incorporating front-shedding and rear-shedding, and find an optimal trade-off between them. As for the scenarios of variable speed ratio, we develop a plan reallocating CPU resources and dynamically resizing the windows. In addition, we prove that load shedding is not affected during the process of reallocation. Both synthetic and real data are used in our experiments, and the results show the promise of our strategies.

关键词： data stream window joins load shedding dual window model window resizing

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load shedding strategy coordinated with storage device and D-STATCOM to enhance the microgrid stability

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Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems 2019年第1期4卷 262-280页

作者： Sheetal Chandak Pritam Bhowmik Pravat Kumar Rout Electrical Engineering Department Siksha‘O’Anusandhan UniversityBhubaneswar751030India Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department Siksha‘O’Anusandhan UniversityBhubaneswar751030India

Recently microgrids have drawn a potential attraction by fulfilling the environmental demands and the increasing energy demands of the end-users. It is necessary to focus on various protection and control aspects of a microgrid. During the transition between the grid-following and grid-forming modes, the voltage and the frequency instability due to the power mismatch condition becomes the major point of concern. Therefore, the paper executes a frequency-active power and voltage-reactive power drooping control strategy for the precise power-sharing among the distributed power generators. Furthermore, to handle the power deficit scenarios and to maintain the system stability, a system independent and priority-based adaptive three-stage load shedding strategy is proposed. The sensitivity of the strategy depends on the system inertia and is computed according to the varying absolute rate-of-change-of-frequency. The strategy incorporates the operation of battery storage system and distributed static compensator (D-STATCOM) in the microgrid, to provide a reliable power supply to the customers for a considerable time instead of a sudden load shedding. The effectiveness of the proposed strategies is investigated on a scaled-down modified IEEE 13-bus microgrid system on the podium of MATLAB 2015b through the time-domain simulation.

关键词： Microgrid Power-sharing load shedding High inertia distributed generators Inertia-less distributed generators Battery storage system D-STATCOM

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load shedding scheme for an interconnected hydro-thermal hybrid system with SMES

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Frontiers in Energy 2012年第3期6卷 227-236页

作者： D. TYAGI Ashwani KUMAR Saurabh CHANANA Department of Electrical Engineering National Institute of TechnologyKurukshetra 136119 India

The frequency of based on the load pattern the power system varies of the consumers. With continuous increase in the load, the frequency of the system keeps decreasing and may reach its minimum allowable limits. Further increase in the load will result in more frequency drop leading to the need of load shedding, if excess generation is not available to cater the need. This paper proposed a methodology in a hybrid thermal-hydro system for finding the required amount of load to be shed for setting the frequency of the system within its minimum allowable limits. The load shedding steps were obtained based on the rate of change of frequency with the increase in the load in both areas. The impact of superconducting magnetic energy storage （SMES） was obtained on load shedding scheme. The comparison of the results was presented on the two-area system.

关键词： critical load frequency response load shedding multi-area system rate of change of frequency,superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) device

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Optimal integration of solar home systems and appliance scheduling for residential homes under severe national load shedding

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Journal of Automation and Intelligence 2023年第4期2卷 227-238页

作者： Sakhile Twala Xianming Ye Xiaohua Xia Lijun Zhang Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer EngineeringUniversity of PretoriaPretoria 0002South Africa School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074China

In developing countries like South Africa,users experienced more than 1030 hours of load shedding outages in just the first half of 2023 due to inadequate power supply from the national *** homes that cannot afford to take actions to mitigate the challenges of load shedding are severely inconvenienced as they have to reschedule their demand *** study presents optimal strategies to guide households in determining suitable scheduling and sizing solutions for solar home systems to mitigate the inconvenience experienced by residents due to load *** start with,we predict the load shedding stages that are used as input for the optimal strategies by using the K-Nearest Neighbour(KNN)*** on an accurate forecast of the future load shedding patterns,we formulate the residents’inconvenience and the loss of power supply probability during load shedding as the objective *** solving the multi-objective optimisation problem,four different strategies to fight against load shedding are identified,namely(1)optimal home appliance scheduling(HAS)under load shedding;(2)optimal HAS supported by solar panels;(3)optimal HAS supported by batteries,and(4)optimal HAS supported by the solar home system with both solar panels and *** these strategies,appliance scheduling with an optimally sized 9.6 kWh battery and a 2.74 kWp panel array of five 550 Wp panels,eliminates the loss of power supply probability and reduces the inconvenience by 92%when tested under the South African load shedding cases in 2023.

关键词： load shedding Inconvenience Optimal scheduling and sizing strategies K-Nearest Neighbour(KNN) Multi-objective mixed integer nonlinear optimisation

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Energy Efficiency in Periods of load shedding and Detrimental Effects of Energy Dependence in the City of Maroua, Cameroon

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Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2023年第4期14卷 61-71页

作者： Ngoussandou Bello-Pierre Nicodem Nisso Dieudonné Kidmo Kaoga Kitmo Hyacinthe Tchakounté Department of Renewable Energy National Advanced School of Engineering of Maroua University of Maroua Maroua Cameroon Department of Computer Science and Telecoms National Advanced School of Engineering of Maroua University of Maroua Maroua Cameroon LESIA Laboratory ENSAI University of Ngaoundere Ngaoundere Cameroon LAMSEBP Laboratory University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon

During the years 2021 and 2022, the city of Maroua experienced repeated power blackouts. However, this locality has significant photovoltaic energy potential. Nevertheless, the evaluation of the electrical performance showed the dependence of the population on these fluctuations, which could be bypassed or suppressed. In most cases, the blackout occurs during high energy demand. In this paper, a method for evaluating electrical efficiency is proposed and its credibility has been demonstrated on the one hand, and on the other hand, a renewable energy production system is proposed. The Homer software has made possible the analysis of the proposed system and its impact on the environment has also been carried out. The techno-economic study of the system has proved that a solar photovoltaic farm associated with an energy storage system, with a capacity of 47 MW, can meet the energy demand of the town of Maroua. This alternative is profitable for this locality which lives in a precarious situation and a continuous need.

关键词： Energy Efficiency load shedding Detrimental Effects Maroua Cameroon

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load shedding Application within a Microgrid to Assure Its Dynamic Performance during Its Transition to the Islanded Mode of Operation

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Energy and Power Engineering 2013年第7期5卷 437-445页

作者： Dorel Soares Ramos Tesoro Elena Del Carpio-Huayllas Ricardo Leon Vasquez-Arnez Department of Electric Power and Automation Engineering University of Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil FDTE(Foundation for the Technological Development of the Engineering Sciences) Sao PauloBrazil

This article presents the simulation results and analysis related to the response of the generators within a microgrid towards an accidental overload condition that will require some load shedding action. A microgrid overload can occur due to various reasons ranging from poor load schedule, inadequate switching of circuits within the microgrid, outage of one or more generators inside the microgrid, illegal load connections by some low voltage consumers, etc. It was observed that among the main factors that determine the survival of the microgrid during its transition from the grid connected mode to the islanded mode of operation are the size and type of the load connected (passive or dynamic load) as well as the length of time during which the unexpected load is connected. Models of a speed and voltage regulators of a diesel generator, and important for coping with the overload conditions are provided in the paper. The novelty of the work lies in the load shedding simulation and analysis of the specific generators studied herein, regarding that in many countries the microgrid technology is seen as an important alternative towards the ever increasing load demand and also to assist the system during periods of blackout.

关键词： Distributed Generation Islanded Operation Mode load shedding Microgrid Systems

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Identification of Critical Lines in Power System Based on Optimal load shedding

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Energy and Power Engineering 2017年第4期9卷 261-269页

作者： Mingshun Liu Lijin Zhao Liang Huang Xiaowei Zhang Changhong Deng Zhijun Long Guizhou Power Grid Co. Ltd.GuiyangChina School of Electrical Engineering Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina

Based on risk theory, considering the probability of an accident and the severity of the sequence, combining N-1 and N-2 security check, this paper puts forward a new risk index, which uses the amount of optimal load shedding as the severity of an accident consequence to identify the critical lines in power system. Taking IEEE24-RTS as an example, the simulation results verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed index.

关键词： Risk Theory Optimal Power Flow load shedding Risk Index Critical Line Identification

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