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The role of herbivores in the grassland carbon budget for Three-Rivers Headwaters region,Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China

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Grassland Research 2022年第3期1卷 207-219页

作者： Junbang Wang Xinquan Zhao Xihuang Ouyang Liang Zhao Wenying Wang Chan Zuo Zhenhua Zhang Huakun Zhou Alan Watson Yingnian Li Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling National Ecosystem Science Data CenterInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai UniversityXiningChina Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology for Cold Region Northwest Institute of Plateau BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesXiningChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina College of Life Sciences Qinghai Normal UniversityXiningChina Rocky Mountain Research Station USDA Forest ServiceMissoulaMontanaUSA

Background:An accurate assessment of the carbon budget is a crucial part of projecting future climate change and its impact on *** foster multiple ecological functions including support for wild animals and *** intake forage biomass carbon,then digest and metabolize,and finally retain some *** carbon processes have not been well quantified,resulting in uncertainties in the estimation of regional carbon budgets for grassland ***:An animal metabolic carbon flux model was developed for herbivores in the Three-Rivers Headwaters region of *** forage intake and metabolic carbon rates were estimated through metabolic body weight and daily digested measures for the main herbivore ***:The carbon intake was 5.52 Tg C year−1(45%)from partial aboveground biomass(12.2 Tg C year−1),in which 39.31%was released into the atmosphere by respiration CO_(2),43.77%was returned to the ecosystem as feces and urine,and 16.96%was retained in herbivores for population regeneration or for human ***:This study,as the first research on this topic,quantified the carbon flux of herbivores and found livestock accounts for a major part of consumed carbon on grasslands,which is important for understanding regional carbon budgets to mitigate and adapt to climate change over grasslands worldwide.

关键词： aboveground biomass alpine grassland carbon budget herbivores livestock metabolism

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Forage breeding and cultivar development:A 50-year perspective

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Grassland Research 2023年第2期2卷 97-105页

作者： Joseph Henry Bouton Institute of Plant Breeding Geneticsand GenomicsUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA Bouton Consulting Group LLCAthensGeorgiaUSA

This article represents the perspective of one retired,academic forage breeder and cultivar developer after 50 years of working *** cultivars that help farmers within pastoral agriculture is the main goal,a system where livestock is the *** Grassland Congress proceedings,as well as the general literature,are historical guides for the state of forage *** was achieved through technologies;better equipment for planting and harvesting;and advances in computer computation and *** achievements were fitful and continue to *** performance mean-reversion,cost to the program,and what the farmer seed buyer was willing to pay are important considerations for applying any technology,especially *** promises were too *** was due,in part,to a lack of understanding that traditional phenotypic/genotypic field selection programs operate in a complex way with multiple species and several traits screened simultaneously at a modest *** majority of current forage cultivars are from field-based *** participation at scientific conferences declined over time,with less sharing of information the *** developers will continue using basic field selection methods but should explore applying any technology;just be clever on when,how,and with whom to use *** advice and experiences are also presented and discussed.

关键词： biotechnologies breeding cultivars farmers forages genetics livestock pastures

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Amino acids and mammary gland development:nutritional implications for milk production and neonatal growth

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2016年第4期7卷 437-458页

作者： Reza Rezaei Zhenlong Wu Yongqing Hou Fuller W.Bazer Guoyao Wu Department of Animal Science Texas A&M University State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition China Agricultural University Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritionand Feed Science Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for AnimalNutrition and Feed SafetyWuhan Polytechnic University

Milk is synthesized by mammary epithelial cells of lactating mammals. The synthetic capacity of the mammary gland depends largely on the number and efficiency of functional mammary epithelial cells. Structural development of the mammary gland occurs during fetal growth, prepubertal and post-pubertal periods, pregnancy, and lactation under the control of various hormones （particularly estrogen, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, progesterone, placental lactogen, and prolactin） in a species- and stage-dependent manner. Milk is essential for the growth, development, and health of neonates. Amino acids （AA）, present in both free and peptide-bound forms, are the most abundant organic nutrients in the milk of farm animals. Uptake of AA from the arterial blood of the lactating dam is the ultimate source of proteins （primarily 13-casein and a-lactalbumin） and bioactive nitrogenous metabolites in milk. Results of recent studies indicate extensive catabolism of branched-chain AA （leucine, isoleucine and valine） and arginine to synthesize glutamate, glutamine, alanine, aspartate, asparagine, proline, and polyamines. The formation of polypeptides from AA is regulated not only by hormones （e.g., prolactin, insulin and glucocorticoids） and the rate of blood flow across the lactating mammary gland, but also by concentrations of AA, lipids, glucose, vitamins and minerals in the maternal plasma, as well as the activation of the mechanistic （mammalian） target rapamycin signaling by certain AA （e.g., arginine, branched-chain AA, and glutamine）. Knowledge of AA utilization （including metabolism） by mammary epithelial cells will enhance our fundamental understanding of lactation biology and has important implications for improving the efficiency of livestock production worldwide.

关键词： Development Health livestock Mammary gland Milk Neonates Production Sows

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Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus among Patients with Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Two Chinese Hospitals

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Chinese Medical Journal 2016年第19期129卷 2319-2324页

作者： Fei-Fei Gu Ye Chen De-Ping Dong Zhen Song Xiao-Kui Guo Yu-Xing Ni Li-Zhong Han Department of Clinical Microbiology Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200025 China Laboratory Haian Hospital Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu 226600 China Faculty of Laboratory Medicine Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200025 China Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200025 China

Background：Staphylococcus aureus is one of the predominant causes of skin and soft tissue infections （SSTIs）,but limited data were available regarding the characterization of *** from SSTIs patients in Jiangsu Province in *** aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology *** among SSTIs patients in two hospitals of Jiangsu ***：Sixty-two patients with SSTIs from two Chinese hospitals in Jiangsu Province were enrolled in this study,and 62 *** isolates were collected from February 2014 to January *** isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing,toxin gene detection,and molecular typing with sequence type,Staphylococcus protein A gene type,accessorygeneregulator（agr）group,and Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec ***：Sixteen （25.8%） methicillin-resistant *** （MRSA） isolates were detected,and there was no isolate found resistant to vancomycin,teicoplanin,sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim,and *** sei was the toxin gene most frequently found,and no lukS/F-PV-positive isolates were detected among the SSTIs＆#39; *** analysis revealed that ST398 （10/62,16.1%;2 MRSA and 8 methicillin-susceptible ***） to be the dominant clone,followed by ST5 （8/62,12.9%） and ST7 （8/62,12.9%）.Conclusions：The livestock ST398 was the most common clone among patients with *** SSTIs in Jiangsu Province,*** and further studies on the important livestock ST398 clone in human infections are necessarily requested.

关键词： livestock Molecular Epidemiology Skin and Soft Tissue Infections ST398 Staphylococcus aureus

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Bovine sperm selection procedure prior to cryopreservation for improvement of post-thawed semen quality and fertility

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2020年第1期11卷 44-57页

作者： MariaPortia B.Nagata Junki Egashira Naoto Katafuchi Kenji Endo Kazuko Ogata Kenichi Yamanaka Tadayuki Yamanouchi Hideo Matsuda Yutaka Hashiyada Kenichi Yamashita Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST)807-1 Shuku-machiTosuSaga 841-0052Japan Saga Prefectural livestock Experiment Station 23242-2 Yamauchi-machiMiyanoTakeoSaga 849-2305Japan Morinaga Dairy Service Co.Ltd. 1-159 ToyoharaotsuNasu-gun Nasu-machiTochigi 329-3224Japan National livestock Breeding Center(NLBC) 1 OdakuraharaOdakuraNishigo-muraNishishirakawa-gunFukushima 961-8511Japan Institute of livestock and Grassland Science National Agriculture and Food Research Organization(NARO)Ikenodai 2TsukubaIbaraki 305-0901Japan Faculty of Agriculture Saga University1 Honjo-machiSaga 840-8502Japan.7Ishikawa Prefectural University1-308 SuematsuNonoichi-shiIshikawa 921-8836Japan.

Background:The application of cryopreservation and artificial insemination technology have contributed to the advancement of animal ***,a substantial proportion of spermatozoa undergoes alterations and loses their fertility during cryopreservation,rendering the frozen-thawed semen impractical for routine *** is known to reduce sperm lifespan and *** in cryosurvival of spermatozoa from different sires and even with the individual sire is common in artificial insemination(AI)*** goal is to improve post-thawed semen quality by optimization of cryopreservation technique through sperm selection prior to cryopreservation ***:Our strategy of sperm selection based on rheotaxis and thermotaxis(SSRT)on macrosale in a rotating fluid flow demonstrated the ability to maintain the original pre-freezing structural integrity,viability and biological function related to fertilization *** strategy has a positive effect on the cryosurvival and fertilizing abilities of spermatozoa as supported by the improvement on pregnancy rate of Japanese Black heifers and Holstein repeat *** technique protected further sublethal damage to bovine spermatozoa(higher%cryosurvival than the control)and resulted in the improvement of DNA *** selected spermatozoa demonstrated slower and controlled capacitation than unprocessed control which is thought to be related to sperm longevity and consequently to appropriate timing during in vivo ***:These results provide solid evidence that improvement of post-thawed semen quality by SSRT method is beneficial in terms of cryosurvival,longevity of post-thawed sperm,and optimization of in vivo fertilization,embryo development and calving as supported by the favorable results of field fertility study.

关键词： Cryopreservation Fertility livestock Rheotaxis Spermatozoa Thermotaxis

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An alternative approach for sustainable sheep meat production:implications for food security

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2021年第2期12卷 791-805页

作者： Eric N.Ponnampalam Matthew I.Knight Peter J.Moate Joe L.Jacobs Animal Production Sciences Agriculture Victoria ResearchDepartment of JobsPrecincts and RegionsBundooraVIC 3083Australia Animal Production Sciences Agriculture Victoria ResearchDepartment of JobsPrecincts and RegionsHamiltonVIC 3300Australia Animal Production Sciences Agriculture Victoria ResearchDepartment of JobsPrecincts and RegionsEllinbankVictoria 3821Australia Centre for Agricultural Innovation School of Agriculture and FoodFaculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria 3010Australia

Background:A pelleted diet containing camelina hay(CAMH)or camelina meal(CAMM)as a supplement along with a control pellet(CONT)diet formulated with commonly available feeds during summer was used to investigate an alternative pathway for sustainable meat *** meat production was based on a simple estimation of income from meat produced versus feed costs if animals were fed for an extended period over summer compared to early slaughter at the beginning of *** maternal composite wether lambs(Composite)based on Coopworth genetics and 80 pure Merino wether yearlings were divided into 10 groups within breed(n=8)using stratified randomisation based on *** 1 week of adaptation to experimental diets,animals were fed experimental diets for up to10 ***:Animals were slaughtered after either 8,9 or 10 weeks of full feeding when the average liveweight of diet/genetic combination reached a weight appropriate for either‘heavy lamb’or‘heavy hogget’production,which occurred between 8 and 10 weeks of full *** was no diet×breed interactions except for dressing percentage(DP),where Composite lambs fed the CAMH diet had the greatest DP(48.1±0.35)and the Merino yearlings fed the CAMM diet the lowest DP(45.8±0.33).Composite lambs gained 17.6–20.3 kg and Merino yearlings gained 10.7–12.9 kg *** on their DP,this resulted in the production of approximately 8.3–9.5 kg additional carcass weight in Composites and 4.9–5.7 kg in Merinos,which in turn produced greater profit per Composite lamb and a small profit per Merino ***:Composite lambs fed CAMM and CAMH had 5%greater carcass weights at slaughter compared to the CONT group,but dietary treatments did not change carcass weight of Merino yearlings at *** extended feeding approach offered the producer an estimated economic gain of AUD$20.00 to$25.00 when yearly average prices were used(Method 1)and AUD$40.00 to$47.70 when pre-and post-summer

关键词： Animal welfare Environmental sustainability Global demand livestock Sheep meat Summer feeding

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Grazing Management Plans improve pasture selection by cattle and forage quality in sub-alpine and alpine grasslands

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Journal of Mountain Science 2019年第9期16卷 2126-2135页

作者： Marco PITTARELLO Massimiliano PROBO Elisa PEROTTI Michele LONATI Giampiero LOMBARDI Simone RAVETTO ENRI Department of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences University of Torino Grugliasco Italy Agroscope Grazing Systems 1260 Nyon 1 Switzerland

Over the last decades, the reduction of manpower for herd management has led to an increase of continuous grazing systems(CGS) in the Italian Alps, which allow cattle to roam freely. Under CGS, due to high selectivity, livestock exploit grasslands unevenly, over-and under-using specific areas at the same time with negative effects on their conservation. To counteract these effects, a specific policy and management tool(i.e. Grazing Management Plan) has been implemented by Piedmont Region since 2010. The Grazing Management Plans are based on the implementation of rotational grazing systems(RGS), with animal stocking rate adjusted to balance it with grassland carrying capacity. A case study was conducted on alpine summer pastures to test the 5-year effects produced by the implementation of a Grazing Management Plan in grasslands formerly managed under several years of CGS on 1) the selection for different vegetation communities by cattle, 2) the abundance of oligo-, meso-, and eutrophic plant species(defined according to Landolt N indicator value), and 3) forage yield, quality, and palatability. A total of 193 vegetation surveys were carried out in 2011 and repeated in 2016. Cows were tracked yearly with Global Positioning System collars to assess their grazing selectivity, and forage Pastoral Value(PV) was computed to evaluate forage yield, quality, and palatability. Five years after RGS implementation, cow selectivity significantly decreased and the preference for the different vegetation communities was more balanced than under CGS. The abundance of meso-and eutrophic species increased, whereas oligotrophic ones decreased. Moreover, the abundance of moderately to highly palatable plant species increased, whereas non-palatable plant species decreased, with a consequent significant enhancement of the PV. Our findings indicate that the implementation of Grazing Management Plans can be considered a sustainable and effective management tool for improving pasture selecti

关键词： Mountain GPS tracking Agricultural policies livestock Pastoral Value Vegetation community

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建立完善的国家定量数据库是畜牧业发展的先决条件

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中国畜牧杂志 2015年第S1期51卷 1-2页

作者： Harinder P.S.Makkar 张心壮 livestock Production Systems Branch Animal Production and Health Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

随着人们对动物产品需求量的增加,饲料资源的需求量也随之增加。由于土地和水资源的缺乏、食品—能源—饲料竞争、全球气候的改变以及对耕地和不可再生资源的竞争,饲料生产系统的可持续性正在遇到很大的挑战。提高资源利用效率是组织高... 详细信息

随着人们对动物产品需求量的增加,饲料资源的需求量也随之增加。由于土地和水资源的缺乏、食品—能源—饲料竞争、全球气候的改变以及对耕地和不可再生资源的竞争,饲料生产系统的可持续性正在遇到很大的挑战。提高资源利用效率是组织高效畜牧生产和保障食品安全的关键。包括饲料在内的各种资源利用率的信息对于它们的合理利用至关重要。

关键词：饲料产量畜牧业发展饲料资源畜牧生产全球气候不可再生资源持续性利用效率 livestock 畜群结构

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Application of Artificial Intelligence Algorithm in Image Processing for Cattle Disease Diagnosis

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Journal of Intelligent Learning Systems and Applications 2022年第4期14卷 71-88页

作者： Bezawit Lake Fekade Getahun Fitsum T. Teshome Department of Computer Science Dilla University Dilla Ethiopia Department of Computer Science Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Tropical Research and Education Center IFAS University of Florida Home-stead USA

livestock is a critical socioeconomic asset in developing countries such as Ethiopia, where the economy is significantly based on agriculture and animal husbandry. However, there is an enormous loss of livestock population, which undermines efforts to achieve food security and poverty reduction in the country. The primary reason for this challenge is the lack of a reliable and prompt diagnosis system that identifies livestock diseases in a timely manner. To address some of these issues, the integration of an expert system with deep learning image processing was proposed in this study. Due to the economic significance of cattle in Ethiopia, this study was only focused on cattle disease diagnosis. The cattle disease symptoms that were visible to the naked eye were collected by a cell phone camera. Symptoms that were identified by palpation were collected by text dialogue. The identification of the symptoms category was performed by the image analysis component using a convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm. The algorithm classified the input symptoms with 95% accuracy. The final diagnosis conclusion was drawn by the reasoner component of the expert system by integrating image classification results, location, and text information obtained from the users. We developed a prototype system that incorporates the image classification algorithms and the reasoner component. The evaluation result of the developed system showed that the new diagnosis system could provide a rapid and effective diagnosis of cattle diseases.

关键词： Deep Learning Expert System livestock Machine Learning Neural Network

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Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Poultry Farmers on Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Kitwe, Zambia: Implications on Antimicrobial Stewardship

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2023年第1期13卷 60-81页

作者： Samuel Chilawa Steward Mudenda Victor Daka Misheck Chileshe Scott Matafwali Billy Chabalenge Prudence Mpundu Webrod Mufwambi Shafiq Mohamed Ruth Lindizyani Mfune Department of Public Health Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine Copperbelt University Ndola Zambia Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Mary Begg Health Services Ndola Zambia Clinical Research Department Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK Department of Medicines Control Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority Lusaka Zambia Department of Environmental and Occupational Health School of Health Sciences Levy Mwanawasa Medical University Lusaka Zambia Remedium Pharmaceuticals Limited Lusaka Zambia

Introduction: The inappropriate antimicrobial usage (AMU) in chicken production has led to an increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In Zambia, there is little information documented regarding the knowledge, attitude, and practices of poultry farmers on AMU and AMR. Therefore, this study assessed the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding AMU and AMR among poultry farmers in Kitwe, Zambia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 106 poultry farmers from November to December 2021 using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: Overall, of the 106 participants, 90.6% knew what antimicrobials were, but only 29.2% were aware of AMR. The study showed that 46.2% of the participants had low knowledge, 71.7% had negative attitudes, and 61.3% had poor practices regarding AMR. The prevalence of antibiotic use in poultry production was 83%. The most used antimicrobials were tetracycline (84%) and gentamicin (35.2%). The commonly reported reason for the use of antimicrobials was for the treatment (93.2%) and prevention (89.8%) of diseases. Further, 76.9% of the administered antimicrobials were usually done without veterinarian consultation or prescription. Conclusion: The study shows that there was high AMU in poultry farms in Kitwe. However, there was low knowledge, negative attitude, and poor practices towards AMU and AMR. Therefore, there is a need for educational and sensitisation programmes regarding AMU and AMR among poultry farmers in Kitwe, Zambia. Alongside this, antimicrobial stewardship and surveillance systems should be strengthened in the livestock production sector. This will ensure food safety and public health.

关键词： Antibiotics Antimicrobials Antimicrobial Resistance Antimicrobial Stewardship Attitudes Knowledge livestock Poultry Farmers Practices

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