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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2009年第5期83卷 902-916页

作者： David KATEMAUNZANGA Cornelis Janse GUNTER Council for Geoscience PretoriaSouth Africa Geology Department University of Fort HareAliceSouth Africa

The Balfour Formation has a pronounced lithological variation that is characterized by alternating sandstone- and mudstone-dominated members. The sandstone-dominated Oudeberg and Barberskrans Members are composed of lithofacies that range from intraformationai conglomerates to fine-grained sediments, whereas the mudstone-dominated members （Daggaboersnek, Elandsberg, and Palingkloof） are dominated by the facies Fm and FI. Petrography, geochemistry, and a paleocurrent analysis indicated that the source rock of the Balfour Formation was to south east and the rocks had a transitional/dissected magmatic arc signature. The sandstones-rich members were deposited by seasonal and ephemeral high-energy, low-sinuous streams, and the fine-grained-rich members were formed by ephemeral meandering streams. The paleoclimates have been equated to present temperate climates; they were semiarid becoming arid towards the top of the Balfour Formation. This has been determined by reconstructing the paleolatitude of the Karoo Basin, geochemistry, paleontology, sedimentary structures, and other rock properties, like color.

关键词： Balfour Formation Karoo Supergroup Beaufort Group lithostratigraphy sedimentology provenance Permo-Triassic

lithostratigraphy,Sedimentology and Provenance of the Balfour Formation(Beaufort Group) in the Fort Beaufort-Alice Area,Eastern Cape Province,South Africa

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地学前缘 2009年第S1期16卷 259-260页

作者： David Katemaunzanga Sinikiwe Ncube Council for Geoscience Geology Department University of Fort Hare

The Balfour Formation was subdivided into five members based on lithological variation that is characterized by alternating sandstone-and mudstone -dominated *** sandstone dominated Oudeberg and Barberskrans members are composed of lithofacies that range from intraformational conglomerates to fine-grained sediments,whereas the mudstone dominated members(Daggaboersnek, Elandsberg and Palingkloof) are dominated by the fine-grained facies(Fm and F1).Petrography,geochemistry and palaeocurrent analysis indicated that the source rock of the Balfour Formation was to

关键词： Balfour Formation Karoo Supergroup Beaufort Group lithostratigraphy sediment-tology provenance Permo-Triassic

lithostratigraphy and Biostratigraphy of the Sarvak Formation in Wells No. 2, 16 and 66 of Rag-e-Safid Oilfield in the Southwest of Iran

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Open Journal of Geology 2017年第6期7卷 806-821页

作者： Mahboubeh Jamalpour Bahauddin Hamdi Afshin Armoon Department of Geology Faculty of Science North Tehran Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran Institute for Earth Science Geological Survey of Iran Tehran Iran National Iranian South Oilfields Company Ahwaz Iran

The lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy specifications of the Sarvak Formation are considered to study in wells No. 2, 16 and 66 of Rag-e-Safid oilfield. They are located at the southeast of Ahwaz (the southwest of Iran). The lithology of the Sarvak Formation in all the wells mostly consists of limestone. The depth of the Sarvak Formation in well No. 2 is 720 m;in this well, the Sarvak Formation overlies the Kazhdumi Formation and underlies the Papdeh Formation. Vertical distribution of recognized foraminifera, macrofossils and calcareous Algae identifies two biozones: 1) Favusellawashitensis Range zone;2) Praealveolinacretacea-Ovalveolina ovum & Rudistfragment Ass. zone. The thicknesses of the Sarvak Formation in wells No. 16 and 66 are about 100 m and 108 m, respectively;in a part of the Sarvak Formation, drilling was completed, while its upper boundary is covered with the Papdeh Formation, in both wells. In terms of biostratigraphy studies in wells No. 16 and 66, one assemblage biozone is recognized as Praealveolinacretacea-Ovalveolina ovum & Rudistfragment Ass. Zone, similarly. Finally, the age of the Sarvak Formation is determined as the Cenomanian in three considered wells.

关键词： lithostratigraphy Biostratigraphy Sarvak Formation Cenomanian

lithostratigraphy of the Late Cretaceous Khao Ya Puk Formation in Nakhon Thai Region, Thailand: Implication for Depositional Environment

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Open Journal of Geology 2019年第10期9卷 711-713页

作者： Pradit Nulay Parinthon Intharajak Office of Mineral Resources Region 2 Department of Mineral Resources Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Khon Kaen Thailand Department of Geotechnology Faculty of Technology Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand

The Khao Ya Puk Formation (>400 m thick) is well exposed in the Nakhon Thai Region, and is subdivided into three members. The Khao Ya Puk Formation overlies conformably on top of the anhydrite layer of the upper rock salt Maha Sarakham Formation. In turn, it is overlain unconformably by the Phu Khat Formation. The Khao Ya Puk Formation is interpreted to have been deposited by freshwater lake area in arid climate inland subkha in the Late Cretaceous. Lithostatigraphically, Khao Ya Puk Formation can be correlated with the Phu Tok Formation that has been deposited in the Khorat-Ubon basin and Udon-Sakon basin of the Khorat Plateau.

关键词： Khao Ya Puk Formation Nakhon Thai Region lithostratigraphy

The Influence of lithostratigraphy on the Type and Quality of Stored Water in Mujib Reservoir-Jordan

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2017年第4期8卷 568-590页

作者： Habes Mohammad Al-Mashakbeh Department of Applied of Earth and Environmental Sciences Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences Al al-Bayt University Mafraq Jordan

This study was carried out to investigate the impact of drainage basin’s lithostratigraphy on the quality and type of stored water in the Mujib dam reservoir. The water samples were collected on a monthly basis from surface water from January 2012 to December 2015. The classifications of collecting water samples for domestic and irrigation purposes were based on different physico- chemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, TSS, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3- , NH4+, NO3- , NO2- , SAR, RSC, SSP, RSBC, PI, MAR, KR, and TH. All analyzed water samples were satisfied the Jordanian permissible limit and graded as “fresh water”. The hydrochemical indices (Mg/Ca and Cl/HCO3) and Cation Exchange values (CEV), indicating that the surface water chemistry is due to the rock weathering minerals with respect to their inland origin. The water samples have complied within the respective limits in respect of pH, EC, SAR, RSC, RSBC, MAR, KR, SSP and PI, and hard in respect of TH which may be due to the dissolution of the weathered rocks. Abundance of cations and anions is in the following order: Ca > Na > Mg > K and HCO3 > SO4 > Cl > NO3 during the period 2013-2015 and SO4 > HCO3 > Cl > NO3 through 2012. Thus, calcium and bicarbonate–sulfate are the dominant ions present in the surface water of this study. Piper diagram suggested that carbonate and gypsum weathering is the dominant process controlling reservoir water chemistry in the basin area. The quality and type of surface water can be modified by the lithology of the catchment area. The hydrogeochemical study of Mujib reservoir water indicated that the water quality is safe for drinking and agricultural purposes.

关键词： Water Type Water Quality Drinking-Irrigating Water Hydrogeochemical In-dices lithostratigraphy Mujib Dam Reservoir

Ordovician integrative stratigraphy,biotas,and paleogeographical evolution of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第4期67卷 971-1004页

作者： Xiang FANG Yong Yi ZHEN Guangxu WANG Xin WEI Zhongyang CHEN Yan LIANG Xuejin WU Wenjie LI Chao LI Renbin ZHAN Yuandong ZHANG State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and PalaeontologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China Geological Survey of New South Wales W.B.Clarke Geoscience CentreNSW 2753Australia University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

The Ordovician rocks on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau represent the oldest non-metamorphic strata,and are critical to understanding the history of regional geology and biotic evolution of the entire *** of Floian,Darriwilian,Sandbian,Katian and Hirnantian are represented in the plateau with a hiatus of variable duration occurring underneath the basal Ordovician across the *** stratigraphical regions,including the Himalaya,Gangdise-Zayu,Qiangtang-Qamdo,Songpan-Garze,and Karakoram-Kunlun-Altun,are differentiated for the Ordovician strata,which are correlated with their equivalents in the Sibumasu,Indochina,Qaidam-Qilian,Tarim-Tianshan,and the Yangtze(western margin)stratigraphical *** the QinghaiTibetan Plateau,graptolites,conodonts,and cephalopods are the most common and useful fossils for the Ordovician *** Ordovician biotas of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau bear some distinguishable palaeobiogeographical signatures,among which the cephalopods are characterized by the flourishing actinocerids of North China affinity in the Early-Middle Ordovician,and by the thriving lituitids and orthocerids of South China affinity in the Middle-Late *** occurrences and their palaeobiogeographical evolution provide critical evidence bearing on the reconstruction of the geological history of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and surrounding terranes in northeastern *** stratigraphical successions of the Cambrian-Ordovician transition in the Himalaya and Lhasa and nearby Sibumasu terranes were significantly affected by the Kurgiakh Orogeny,which resulted in the extensive unconformity between the Ordovician and the underlying rocks in most areas of the Qinghai-Tibetan *** southern Xizang,a warm-water biota of Middle Ordovician age was recovered from oolitic limestones,suggesting a likely palaeogeographical location in low-latitudes near the *** the Himalaya and Sibumasu regions,the Upper Ordovician was typified by t

关键词： Ordovician Chronostratigraphy lithostratigraphy Biostratigraphy Palaeobiogeography Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

A Review of the lithostratigraphy of the Early Cretaceous Sao Khua Formation, Khorat Group in Northeastern Thailand

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Open Journal of Geology 2021年第9期11卷 381-395页

作者： Pradit Nulay Rungroj Arjwech Office of Mineral Resources Region 2 Department of Mineral Resources Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Khon Kaen Thailand Department of Geotechnology Faculty of Technology KhonKaen University Khon Kaen Thailand

Non-marine Cretaceous rocks are widespread in northeastern Thailand and is well known as “the red bed” Khorat Group. The Sao Khua Formation is in the upper half of the Khorat Group which is comprised of six formations. This formation was named and defined at the type section for the rocks between the restricted PhraWihan Formation and the Phu Phan Formation in the drainage area of the Huai Sao Khua, an intermittent stream that flows westward parallel to the highway between Nong Bua Lamphu and UdonThani Provinces. It contains richest and most diverse vertebrate and invertebrate Mesozoic fossils in Thailand. The Sao Khua Formation is characterized by the sequence of the fining-upward successions of at least 4-5 megacycles throughout the formation with the total thickness ranging between 400-700 meters. Each cycle starts with a channel lag conglomerate which the clasts consist totally of re-worked calcrete nodules. The conglomerates were overlain by fine-to medium-grained sandstones of point bar deposit. Finally, the top part of each cycle was covered by a succession of fine-grained floodplain deposit that makes up 60%-70% of the formation. Paleosols are commonly found in the Sao Khua Formation within the floodplain sequence and their geochemistry indicates a semi-arid paleoclimate. Based on lithostratigraphy, the Sao Khua Formation is interpreted to have been deposited by a meandering river system under a semi-arid climate condition. The age of the formation is assigned as the Hauterivian-Late Barremian based on vertebrate and bivalves fossils.

关键词： Khorat Group Sao Khua Formation lithostratigraphy Non-Marine Cretaceous

Carboniferous integrative stratigraphy,biotas,and paleogeographical evolution of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第4期67卷 1071-1106页

作者： Keyi HU Xiangdong WANG Wenqi WANG Yingfan SONG Xunyan YE Lu LI Yukun SHI Sunrong YANG Ying LI State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material CyclingNanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China

During the Carboniferous Period,the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas were located in quite different paleogeographic positions with various sedimentary and biological *** is important to systematically compile and summarize the Carboniferous strata and biotas of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas,to establish an integrated stratigraphic framework for correlation,and to reconstruct the paleogeography for correctly understanding the breakup of the Gondwana Continent and the evolution of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean in the Late *** Carboniferous of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas can be subdivided into the Gondwanan,Cimmerian,and Tethyan *** Gondwanan-type Carboniferous are distributed in the North Himalayan,Kangmar-Lhunze,and Zanda-Zumba regions of the South Tibet Subprovince and northern India-Pakistan Area,where only the Mississippian is developed and the biota is of Gondwanan *** Cimmerian-type Carboniferous,which are found in the Baoshan,Tengchong,Coqen-Xainza,LhasaZayu,Nagqu-Biru,and South Qiangtang regions,as well as Shan-Thai and South Afghanistan-Pamir areas,also represent only the Mississippian strata,but their biota is characterized by mixed characters of European,South China,Australian,and North American *** Tethyan-type Carboniferous are distributed in the Tanggula Mountains,Hoh Xil-Bayanhar,ChamdoHengduanshan,Tiekelike,West Kunlun,Karakorum,East Kunlun-Central Qinling,and Qilian regions,where the Carboniferous succession is well developed,and the biota is of warm-water Tethyan *** biostratigraphical correlation of the Gondwanan-type and Cimmerian-type Carboniferous is based mainly on conodonts and additionally on brachiopods and rugose *** Mississippian of the Tethyan-type Carboniferous is correlated mainly by using rugose corals and brachiopods,whereas in the Pennsylvanian foraminifera(fusuline)and conodonts are regarded as primary fossil groups,subord

关键词： Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Carboniferous lithostratigraphy Biota Stratigraphic correlation

Silurian integrative stratigraphy,biotas,and paleogeographical evolution of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第4期67卷 1005-1035页

作者： Zhongyang CHEN Qing CHEN Guangxu WANG Xiang FANG Peng TANG Guanzhou YAN Wenwei YUAN Bing HUANG Xiaole ZHANG Kui YAN Yuandong ZHANG Yi WANG State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and PalaeontologyChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

The Silurian palaeontology and stratigraphy of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau have been studied for more than100 *** the launch of the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research,it is necessary to update the summaries of the Silurian stratigraphy and fossil assemblages of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and their correlation with its surrounding *** this study,we have selected 33 sections from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings areas,summarised the available data in terms of stratigraphic regionalisation,lithostratigraphy,chronostratigraphy,and biostratigraphy,and divided the study area into four stratigraphic provinces:the Xizang-Western Yunnan-Western Sichuan Province,the KunlunQilian Province,the South China Province,and the Tarim *** general,the Silurian strata in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is more complete than those in other areas of *** studies of the vertebrate faunas,sporomorph assemblages,and brachiopod faunas of the study area indicate a closer geographical relationship between the South China,Tarim,and Indochina palaeoplates,than previously *** with the surrounding areas where Silurian strata have been extensively studied,the study of Silurian strata in the main part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is still in the preliminary *** the future,it is necessary to conduct research on the age,distribution,and resource potential of basal Silurian black shales to provide new directions for shale gas exploration and development in *** shallow marine strata of the middle to upper Silurian require further *** that the Silurian System in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is more complete,it has the potential to supplement and improve the study of the carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Silurian in China.

关键词： Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Silurian Stratigraphic regionalisation lithostratigraphy Biostratigraphy Palaeogeographical evolution

Triassic integrative stratigraphy,biotas,and paleogeographical evolution of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第4期67卷 1152-1194页

作者： Guichun WU Zhansheng JI Gary GLASH Qinggao ZENG Jianxin YAO Key Laboratory of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology Ministry of Natural ResourcesInstitute of GeologyChinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100037China SinoProbe Laboratory Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100094China Department of Geology and Environmental Sciences State University of New York-FredoniaFredoniaNY 14063USA Xizang Autonomous Region Geological and Mineral Exploration and Development Burea Lhasa 850010China

Rocks of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)host abundant Triassic *** far,the well established marine fossil sequences based on ammonoids,conodonts,bivalves,brachiopods,radiolarians,and terrestrial spora-pollen sequence have become standard for biostratigraphic correlation of the *** much of Triassic time,the QTP occupied a marine setting as suggested by the dominance of marine *** main sedimentary types represented in the Triassic successions include littoral to shallow marine clastic rocks,shallow marine carbonate platform carbonates,bathyal to abyssal slope carbonates intercalated with clastic and siliceous deposits,coal-bearing clastic strata contained within paralic facies deposits,and littoral and terrestrial volcaniclastic *** deposits are organized into four stages in ascending order:(1)Early Triassic deposits that record marine transgression,including extensive shallow marine carbonate platform strata.(2)Middle Triassic Ladinian to Late Triassic Carnian deposits,including thin-bedded limestone,fine clastics,and siliceous rocks,that accumulated at greater depths than underlying Early Triassic strata and reflect the peak of the *** activity appears to have occurred in some areas during this stage.(3)Late Triassic Norian deposits that record the onset of marine regression as suggested by the widespread occurrence of platform *** is noteworthy that stage 3 deposits of the Qin-Qi-Kun area in the northernmost region of the QPT is dominated by terrestrial strata and displays evidence of local erosion.(4)Late Triassic Rhaetian littoral and shallow marine clastic and coal-bearing deposits that preserve the record of continued marine regression *** Indus-Yarlungzangbo Suture Zone(IYSZ)appears to have been the rifting axis during Triassic time as suggested by sedimentary facies trends that reflect deepening to south and ***,the Himalaya Block to the south of the IYSZ was part of the passive margin

关键词： Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Triassic Biostratigraphy lithostratigraphy Palaeobiogeography Sedimentary palaeogeography

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