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Control of a Quadruped Robot with Bionic Springy Legs in Trotting Gait

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2014年第2期11卷 188-198页

作者： Mantian Li Zhenyu Jiang Pengfei Wang Lining Sun Shuzhi Sam Ge State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 P. R. China Institute of Intelligent Systems and Information Technology University of Electronic Seience and Technology of China Chengdu 610000 P.R. China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering the National University of Singapore Singapore 117576 Singapore

legged robots have better performance on discontinuous terrain than that of wheeled robots. However, the dynamic trotting and balance control of a quadruped robot is still a challenging problem, especially when the robot has multi-joint legs. This paper presents a three-dimensional model of a quadruped robot which has 6 Degrees of Freedom （DOF） on torso and 5 DOF on each leg. On the basis of the Spring-Loaded Inverted Pendulum （SLIP） model, body control algorithm is discussed in the first place to figure out how legs work in 3D trotting. Then, motivated by the principle of joint function separation and introducing certain biological characteristics, two joint coordination approaches are developed to produce the trot and provide balance. The robot reaches the highest speed of 2.0 m.s-1, and keeps balance under 250 Kg.m.s-1 lateral disturbance in the simulations. The effectiveness of these approaches is also verified on a prototype robot which runs to 0.83 m.s-1 on the treadmill, The simulations and experiments show that legged robots have good biological properties, such as the ground reaction force, and spring-like leg behavior.

关键词： legged robots locomotion control quadruped robot trotting gait

The Merits of Passive Compliant Joints in legged Locomotion： Fast Learning, Superior Energy Efficiency and Versatile Sensing in a Quadruped Robot

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2017年第1期14卷 1-14页

作者： Matej Hoffmann Jakub Simanek iCub Facility Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genova 16123 Italy Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Department of lnformatics University of Zurich Zurich 8050 Switzerland Department of Measurement Faculty of Electrical Engineering Czech Technical University in Prague Prague 166 27 Czech Republic

A quadruped robot with four actuated hip joints and four passive highly compliant knee joints is used to demonstrate the potential of underactuation from two standpoints： learning locomotion and perception. First, we show that：（i） forward locomotion on flat ground can be learned rapidly （minutes of optimization time）; （ii） a simulation study reveals that a passive knee configuration leads to faster, more stable, and more efficient locomotion than a variant of the robot with active knees; （iii） the robot is capable of learning turning gaits as well. The merits of underactuation （reduced controller complexity, weight, and energy consumption） are thus preserved without compromising the versatility of behavior. Direct optimization on the reduced space of active joints leads to effective learning of model-free controllers. Second, we find passive compliant joints with po- tentiometers to effectively complement inertial sensors in a velocity estimation task and to outperform inertial and pressure sensors in a terrain detection task. Encoders on passive compliant joints thus constitute a cheap and compact but powerful sensing device that gauges joint position and force/torque, and -- if mounted more distally than the last actuated joints in a legged robot -- it delivers valuable information about the interaction of the robot with the ground.

关键词： legged robots underactuated robots compliant joints learning locomotion force and tactile sensing haptic terrain classification

Posture Control of legged Locomotion Based on Virtual Pivot Point Concept

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2023年第6期20卷 2683-2702页

作者： Hao Sun Junjie Yang Yinghao Jia Changhong Wang Space Control and Inertial Technology Research Center Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001China

This paper presents a novel control approach for achieving robust posture control in legged locomotion,specifically for SLIP-like bipedal running and quadrupedal bounding with trunk *** approach is based on the virtual pendulum concept observed in human and animal locomotion experiments,which redirects ground reaction forces to a virtual support point called the Virtual Pivot Point(VPP)during the stance *** the hybrid averaging theorem,we prove the upright posture stability of bipedal running with a fixed VPP position and propose a VPP angle feedback controller for online VPP adjustment to improve performance and convergence ***,we present the first application of the VPP concept to quadrupedal posture control and design a VPP position feedback control law to enhance robustness in quadrupedal *** evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed VPP-based controllers through various simulations,demonstrating their effectiveness in posture control of both bipedal running and quadrupedal *** performance of the VPP-based control approach is further validated through experimental validation on a quadruped robot,SCIT Dog,for stable bounding motion generation at different forward speeds.

关键词： legged robots Bionic control Virtual pivot point Posture stability Dynamic locomotion

Biomimetic Quadruped Robot with a Spinal Joint and Optimal Spinal Motion via Reinforcement Learning

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2021年第6期18卷 1280-1290页

作者： Young Kook Kim Woojin Seol Jihyuk Park LV R&D Team Electro-technology R&D CenterLS Electric Co.LtdCheongju28437Republic of Korea Digital Innovation Unit Korea Hydro&Nuclear Power Co.Ltd1312-gil YuseongdaeroYusung-guDaejeon34101Republic of Korea Department of Automotive Engineering College of Mechanical and IT EngineeringYeungnam University280 Daehak-roGyeongsanGyeongbuk38541Republic of Korea

Feline animals can run quickly using spinal joints as well as the joints that make up their four *** paper describes the development of a quadruped robot including a spinal joint that biomimics feline *** developed robot platform consists of four legs with a double 4-bar linkage type and one simplified rotary *** addition,Q-learning,a type of machine learning,was used to find the optimal motion profile of the spinal *** bounding gait was implemented on the robot system using the motion profile of the spinal joint,and it was confirmed that using the spinal joint can achieve a faster Center of Mass(CoM)forward speed than not using the spinal *** the motion profile obtained through Q-learning did not exactly match the spinal angle of a feline animal,which is more multiarticular than that of the developed robot,the tendency of the actual feline animal spinal motion profile,which is sinusoidal,was similar.

关键词： Quadruped robot system Bioinspired methods legged robots Machine learning Q-learning

Velocity Control of a Bounding Quadruped via Energy Control and Vestibular Reflexes

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2014年第4期11卷 556-571页

作者： Xin Wang Mantian Li Wei Guo Pengfei Wang Lining Sun State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 P. R. China Department of Advanced Robotics (Fondazione) Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genova 16163 Italy

In this paper a bio-inspired approach of velocity control for a quadruped robot running with a bounding gait on compliant legs is set up. The dynamic properties ofa sagittal plane model of the robot are investigated. By analyzing the stable fixed points based on Poincare map, we find that the energy change of the system is the main source for forward velocity adjustment. Based on the analysis of the dynamics model of the robot, a new simple linear running controller is proposed using the energy control idea, which requires minimal task level feedback and only controls both the leg torque and ending impact angle. On the other hand, the functions of mammalian vestibular reflexes are discussed, and a reflex map between forward velocity and the pitch movement is built through statistical regression analysis. Finally, a velocity controller based on energy control and vestibular reflexes is built, which has the same structure as the mammalian nervous mechanism for body posture control. The new con- troller allows the robot to run autonomously without any other auxiliary equipment and exhibits good speed adjustment capa- bility. A series simulations and experiments were set to show the good movement agility, and the feasibility and validity of the robot system.

关键词： legged robots biologically-inspired robots biomimetics energy control vestibular reflexes

Bio-Inspired Controller for a Robot Cheetah with a Neural Mechanism Controlling Leg Muscles

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2012年第3期9卷 282-293页

作者： Xin Wang Mantian Li Pengfei Wang Wei Guo Lining Sun State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001P.R.China

The realization of a high-speed running robot is one of the most challenging problems in developing legged robots. The excellent performance of cheetahs provides inspiration for the control and mechanical design of such robots. This paper presents a three-dimensional model of a cheetah that predicts the locomotory behaviors of a running cheetah. Applying biological knowledge of the neural mechanism, we control the muscle flexion and extension during the stance phase, and control the positions of the joints in the flight phase via a PD controller to minimize complexity. The proposed control strategy is shown to achieve similar locomotion of a real cheetah. The simulation realizes good biological properties, such as the leg retraction, ground reaction force, and spring-like leg behavior. The stable bounding results show the promise of the controller in high-speed locomotion. The model can reach 2.7 m-s^-1 as the highest speed, and can accelerate from 0 to 1.5 m-s^-1 in one stride cycle. A mechanical structure based on this simulation is designed to demonstrate the control approach, and the most recently developed hindlimb controlled by the proposed controller is presented in swinging-leg experiments and jump-force experiments.

关键词： biomimetics biologically-inspired robots legged robots neural mechanism artificial pneumatic muscle

Optimal Gait for Bioinspired Climbing robots Using Dry Adhesion： A Quasi-Static Investigation

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2013年第1期10卷 1-11页

作者： Paolo Boscariol Michael A. Henrey Yasong Li Carlo Menon MENRVA Research Group School of Engineering Science Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada

legged robots relying on dry adhesives for vertical climbing are required to preload their feet against the wall to increase contact surface area and consequently maximize adhesion force. Preloading a foot causes a redistribution of forces in the entire robot, including contact forces between the other feet and the wall. An inappropriate redistribution of these forces can cause irreparable detachment of the robot from the vertical surface. This paper investigates an optimal preloading and detaching strategy that minimizes energy consumption, while retaining safety, during locomotion on vertical surfaces. The gait of a six-legged robot is planned using a quasi-static model that takes into account both the structure of the robot and the character- istics of the adhesive material. The latter was modelled from experimental data collected for this paper. A constrained optimi- zation routine is used, and its output is a sequence of optimal posture and motor torque set-points.

关键词： climbing robot dry adhesive gait planning legged robots preloading

Economical Quadrupedal Multi-Gait Locomotion via Gait-Heuristic Reinforcement Learning

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2024年第4期21卷 1720-1732页

作者： Lang Wei Jinzhou Zou Xi Yu Liangyu Liu Jianbin Liao Wei Wang Tong Zhang School of Power and Mechanical Engineering Wuhan UniversityLuojiashanWuhan430072HubeiChina State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote SensingWuhan UniversityLuojiashanWuhan430072HubeiChina

In order to strike a balance between achieving desired velocities and minimizing energy consumption,legged animals have the ability to adopt the appropriate gait pattern and seamlessly transition to another if *** ability makes them more versatile and efficient when traversing natural terrains,and more suitable for long *** the same way,it is meaningful and important for quadruped robots to master this *** achieve this goal,we propose an effective gait-heuristic reinforcement learning framework in which multiple gait locomotion and smooth gait transitions automatically emerge to reach target velocities while minimizing energy *** incorporate a novel trajectory generator with explicit gait information as a memory mechanism into the deep reinforcement learning *** allows the quadruped robot to adopt reliable and distinct gait patterns while benefiting from a warm start provided by the trajectory ***,we investigate the key factors contributing to the emergence of multiple gait *** tested our framework on a closed-chain quadruped robot and demonstrated that the robot can change its gait patterns,such as standing,walking,and trotting,to adopt the most energy-efficient gait at a given ***,we deploy our learned controller to a quadruped robot and demonstrate the energy efficiency and robustness of our method.

关键词： legged robots Deep reinforcement learning Central pattern generator Quadrupedal gait

Sagittal SLIP-anchored task space control for a monopode robot traversing irregular terrain

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Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2020年第2期15卷 193-208页

作者： Haitao YU Haibo GAO Liang DING Zongquan DENG State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China

As a well-explored template that captures the essential dynamical behaviors of legged locomotion on sagittal plane,the spring-loaded inverted pendulum(SLIP)model has been extensively employed in both biomechanical study and robotics *** at fully leveraging the merits of the SLIP model to generate the adaptive trajectories of the center of mass(CoM)with maneuverability,this study presents a novel two-layered sagittal SLIP-anchored(SSA)task space control for a monopode robot to deal with terrain *** work begins with an analytical investigation of sagittal SLIP dynamics by deriving an approximate solution with satisfactory apex prediction accuracy,and a two-layered SSA task space controller is subsequently developed for the monopode *** higher layer employs an analytical approximate representation of the sagittal SLIP model to form a deadbeat controller,which generates an adaptive reference trajectory for the *** lower layer enforces the monopode robot to reproduce a generated CoM movement by using a task space controller to transfer the reference CoM commands into joint torques of the multi-degree of freedom monopode ***,an adaptive hopping behavior is exhibited by the robot when traversing irregular *** results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.

关键词： legged robots spring-loaded inverted pendulum task space control apex return map deadbeat control irregular terrain negotiation