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Rao Algorithms-Based Structure Optimization for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第1期78卷 873-897页

作者： Shereen K.Refaay Samia A.Ali Moumen T.El-Melegy Louai A.Maghrabi Hamdy H.El-Sayed Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence Sohag UniversitySohag82524Egypt Faculty of Engineering Assiut UniversityAssiut711745Egypt College of Engineering University of Business and TechnologyJeddah23411Saudi Arabia

The structural optimization of wireless sensor networks is a critical issue because it impacts energy consumption and hence the network’s lifetime.Many studies have been conducted for homogeneous networks,but few have been performed for heterogeneouswireless sensor networks.This paper utilizes Rao algorithms to optimize the structure of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks according to node locations and their initial energies.The proposed algorithms lack algorithm-specific parameters and metaphorical connotations.The proposed algorithms examine the search space based on the relations of the population with the best,worst,and randomly assigned solutions.The proposed algorithms can be evaluated using any routing protocol,however,we have chosen the well-known routing protocols in the literature:Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(leach),Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems(PEAGSIS),Partitioned-based Energy-efficient leach(PE-leach),and the Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems Neural Network(PEAGSIS-NN)recent routing protocol.We compare our optimized method with the Jaya,the Particle Swarm Optimization-based Energy Efficient Clustering(PSO-EEC)protocol,and the hybrid Harmony Search Algorithm and PSO(HSA-PSO)algorithms.The efficiencies of our proposed algorithms are evaluated by conducting experiments in terms of the network lifetime(first dead node,half dead nodes,and last dead node),energy consumption,packets to cluster head,and packets to the base station.The experimental results were compared with those obtained using the Jaya optimization algorithm.The proposed algorithms exhibited the best performance.The proposed approach successfully prolongs the network lifetime by 71% for the PEAGSIS protocol,51% for the leach protocol,10% for the PE-leach protocol,and 73% for the PEGSIS-NN protocol;Moreover,it enhances other criteria such as energy conservation,fitness convergence,packets to cluster head,and packets to the base station.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks Rao algorithms optimization leach PEAGSIS

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Effective Cluster Head Substitution leach Protocol for Wireless Communication

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Journal of Computer and Communications 2022年第5期10卷 74-89页

作者： Kabukila Kilotwa Michel Hairong Yan Njiraini Immaculate Biaye Yaye Department of Computer Science and Engineering Beijing University of Technology Beijing China

In recent years, the demand for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) in smart farming has had a tremendous increase in demand for its efficiency. Wireless sensor networks have very many nodes, and it is of no use when the battery dies. This is why there are several routing protocols being take into consideration to cub this problem. In this paper, in order to increase the heterogeneity and energy levels of the network, the M-leach protocol is proposed. The key aim of the leach protocol is to prolong the existence of wireless sensor network by lowering the energy consumption needed for Cluster Head creation and maintenance, the proposed algorithm instructs a node to use high power amplification as it acts as the Cluster heads, and low power amplification when it becomes a Cluster Member, in the next stage. Finally, for better effectiveness, M-leach employs hard and soft threshold systems. Since it eliminates collisions and reduces the packet drop ratio for other signals, the M-leach protocol proposed works better than the leach protocol.

关键词： leach Cluster Head UAV Wireless Sensor Network Clustering Threshold

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无线传感器网络leach协议的研究与优化

无线传感器网络LEACH协议的研究与优化

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作者：赵秋月南京邮电大学

学位级别：硕士

随着物联网的迅猛发展,无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Network,WSN)作为物联网的底层支持技术也凭借低成本、易部署等优点被广泛应用在军事、农业、医疗等领域。一般情况下,无线传感器网络是由多个低功耗、低价格、微体积的传感器节... 详细信息

随着物联网的迅猛发展,无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Network,WSN)作为物联网的底层支持技术也凭借低成本、易部署等优点被广泛应用在军事、农业、医疗等领域。一般情况下,无线传感器网络是由多个低功耗、低价格、微体积的传感器节点构成,此类节点被任意部署在需要的区域进行数据采集,但由于能量有限且不可补充使得WSN一直存在的能耗问题亟待解决。因此,路由协议作为无线传感器网络能量优化策略的关键技术之一是非常具有研究意义的。本文的研究以层次型路由协议中最为经典且应用最广的低功耗自适应集簇分层路由协议(Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy,leach)为基础,将其在生命周期以及网络能耗等方面进行了优化并提出了两种改进协议且进行了仿真验证。本文的主要工作包括:(1)对一些已有的协议进行了仿真分析并通过生命周期等指标分析了协议的优缺点,与此同时,针对leach协议中簇头选举以及簇内成员节点数存在随机性导致的网络负载不均衡、生命周期较短等问题,提出了综合考量节点剩余能量、地理位置以及簇内成员个数的leach-PC协议。该协议通过对整个区域进行划分并在簇头选举时对节点的状态进行关联,有针对的将簇头选举函数进行优化,与此同时,允许部分情况下节点与基站单跳通信。由仿真结果可知,leach-PC协议在一定程度上均衡了网络能耗、延长了生命周期。(2)针对远距离节点通信能耗高以及分簇不均的问题,在leach-PC协议的基础上提出了leach-K协议,该协议在每一轮均利用K-means算法进行动态分簇并综合考量节点的剩余能量以及到质心的距离进行簇首的选举,与此同时,通过加温退火算法构建最优路径进行多跳传输来降低远距离节点的通信能耗。由仿真结果可知,该算法有效实现了负载均衡,进一步降低了网络能耗、延长了生命周期。

关键词： WSN leach 簇头选举最优簇头个数多跳传输

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基于分区和多跳的leach协议的能耗优化研究

基于分区和多跳的LEACH协议的能耗优化研究

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作者：卞有为南京邮电大学

学位级别：硕士

无线传感器网络(WSN)是由许多探测节点按照某种协议组织形成的网络系统,其任务目标是通过网络中的传感器节点采集真实环境中的数据,目前在医疗、交通、环境检测、军事等领域有广泛的运用。路由协议技术是无线传感器网络的关键技术之一,... 详细信息

无线传感器网络(WSN)是由许多探测节点按照某种协议组织形成的网络系统,其任务目标是通过网络中的传感器节点采集真实环境中的数据,目前在医疗、交通、环境检测、军事等领域有广泛的运用。路由协议技术是无线传感器网络的关键技术之一,负责规定网络中的数据传输策略。本文选择分层路由协议中最具代表的leach(Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy)协议作为研究重点,提出了基于leach的几种改进协议,对网络生存时间和能耗性能进行优化,改进协议可以显著提升网络系统的性能。论文的主要工作如下:(1)研究无线传感器网络的体系架构,对主流的路由协议算法进行分析,详细分析层次路由协议leach的算法流程。总结leach协议在簇头选举方面的优缺点,选取一种基于选举函数的改进方案进行研究。通过仿真实现,以能耗和存活时间等指标进行对比,分析改进方案的优缺点。(2)针对leach的簇头选举函数的随机特性,不利于簇的能量均衡,综合考虑节点的剩余能量和地理位置因素,提出基于能量距离因素的leach-P协议,新协议将簇头的选举与节点的状态关联起来,将部署区域进行划分,针对区域调整因子加权系数,进行有针对性的优化。仿真结果表明,leach-P的网络时间得到了一定的延长,能耗降低。(3)针对网络中簇规模不定、节点远距离通信能耗大的问题,在leach-P的基础上提出了leach-PM协议,对网络区域进行环型划分,针对于区域采用动态的因子加权系数,成员节点入簇考虑节点能量、位置、簇密度等因素,簇头采用多跳单跳相结合的模式,在内环区域中根据评分选择最合适的下一跳节点。通过仿真平台进行比较,改进后协议网络生存周期明显延长,网络能耗下降,网络吞吐量得到较大提升。

关键词： leach 簇头选举最优簇头比例网络区域划分多跳传输

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ESSD: Energy Saving and Securing Data Algorithm for WSNs Security

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第11期73卷 3969-3981页

作者： Manar M.Aldaseen Khaled M.Matrouk Laiali H.Almazaydeh Khaled M.Elleithy Computer Engineering Department Al-Hussein Bin Talal UniversityMa’anJordan Software Engineering Department Al-Hussein Bin Talal UniversityMa’anJordan Computer Science and Engineering Department University of BridgeportCTBridgeportUSA

The Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)are characterized by their widespread deployment due to low cost,but the WSNs are vulnerable to various types of attacks.To defend against the attacks,an effective security solution is required.However,the limits of these networks’battery-based energy to the sensor are the most critical impediments to selecting cryptographic techniques.Consequently,finding a suitable algorithm that achieves the least energy consumption in data encryption and decryption and providing a highly protected system for data remains the fundamental problem.In this research,the main objective is to obtain data security during transmission by proposing a robust and low-power encryption algorithm,in addition,to examining security algorithms such as ECC and MD5 based on previous studies.In this research,the Energy Saving and Securing Data algorithm(ESSD)algorithm is introduced,which provides the Message Digest 5(MD5)computation simplicity by modifying the Elliptic Curve Cryptography(ECC)under the primary condition of power consumption.These three algorithms,ECC,MD5,and ESSD,are applied to Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(leach)and Threshold-sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network Protocol(TEEN)hierarchical routing algorithms which are considered the most widely used in WSNs.The results of security methods under the leach protocol show that all nodes are dead at 456,496,and 496,respectively,to ECC,MD5,and ESSD.The results of security methods under the TEEN protocol show that the test ends at 3743,4815,and 4889,respectively,to ECC,MD5,and ESSD.Based on these results,the ESSD outperforms better in terms of increased security and less power consumption.In addition,it is advantageous when applied to TEEN protocol.

关键词： Cryptography ECC energy consumption ESSD leach MD5 RSA TEEN WSNs

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Optimization of Head Cluster Selection in WSN by Human-Based Optimization Techniques

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第9期72卷 5643-5661页

作者： Hajer Faris Musaria Karim Mahmood Osama Ahmad Alomari Ashraf Elnagar Department of Electrical&Electronics Engineering Istanbul Gelisim UniversityIstanbul34310Turkey Department of Energy Systems Engineering Ankara Yildirim Beyazit UniversityAnkara06010Turkey MLALP Research Group University of SharjahSharjah27272UAE Department of Computer Science University of SharjahSharjah27272UAE

Wireless sensor networks(WSNs)are characterized by their ability to monitor physical or chemical phenomena in a static or dynamic location by collecting data,and transmit it in a collaborative manner to one or more processing centers wirelessly using a routing protocol.Energy dissipation is one of the most challenging issues due to the limited power supply at the sensor node.All routing protocols are large consumers of energy,as they represent the main source of energy cost through data exchange operation.Clusterbased hierarchical routing algorithms are known for their good performance in energy conservation during active data exchange in WSNs.The most common of this type of protocol is the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(leach),which suffers from the problem of the pseudo-random selection of cluster head resulting in large power dissipation.This critical issue can be addressed by using an optimization algorithm to improve the leach cluster heads selection process,thus increasing the network lifespan.This paper proposes the leach-CHIO,a centralized cluster-based energyaware protocol based on the Coronavirus Herd Immunity Optimizer(CHIO)algorithm.CHIO is a newly emerging human-based optimization algorithm that is expected to achieve significant improvement in the leach cluster heads selection process.leach-CHIO is implemented and its performance is verified by simulating different wireless sensor network scenarios,which consist of a variable number of nodes ranging from 20 to 100.To evaluate the algorithm performances,three evaluation indicators have been examined,namely,power consumption,number of live nodes,and number of incoming packets.The simulation results demonstrated the superiority of the proposed protocol over basic leach protocol for the three indicators.

关键词： WSN leach coronavirus herd immunity optimizer cluster head selection

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leach算法应用于矿井无线通信的路由算法研究

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电子制作 2022年第1期30卷 91-93,33页

作者：王越群高小虎曹春梅江苏商贸职业学院电子与信息学院江苏南通226000

针对leach算法蔟首选择机制中簇首选举的不确定性,本文从结点剩余电量、结点的邻居结点个数、结点相对位置三个方面对leach算法的簇首选举中的阈值计算进行优化,从而选出剩余电量较高、邻居结点数量多且位于区域中心附近的结点为蔟首结... 详细信息

针对leach算法蔟首选择机制中簇首选举的不确定性,本文从结点剩余电量、结点的邻居结点个数、结点相对位置三个方面对leach算法的簇首选举中的阈值计算进行优化,从而选出剩余电量较高、邻居结点数量多且位于区域中心附近的结点为蔟首结点,避免蔟首因电量耗尽失效而造成的信息传递中断。实验仿真结果表明:改进后的算法能有效减缓结点的死亡速度,保证数据的传输效率,对能耗的控制性能优于leach算法、LEAHC-C算法和leach-TTLEB算法。

关键词：无线传感器网络矿井能耗 leach

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优化QoS的基于leach的无线传感器网络路由协议

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东北大学学报（自然科学版） 2009年第8期30卷 1091-1094页

作者：吴成东陈飞纪鹏张云洲东北大学信息科学与工程学院辽宁沈阳110004

为了保证无线传感器网络通信质量,同时尽可能地减少路由能量的消耗,对传统的leach算法进行改进,提出一种基于leach的优化通信质量的无线传感器网络路由协议——节点密度控制算法DC-leach算法.本协议的基本思想是通过选取具有良好通信位... 详细信息

为了保证无线传感器网络通信质量,同时尽可能地减少路由能量的消耗,对传统的leach算法进行改进,提出一种基于leach的优化通信质量的无线传感器网络路由协议——节点密度控制算法DC-leach算法.本协议的基本思想是通过选取具有良好通信位置的节点作为leach算法的簇首,减少网络中节点分布不均匀的情况对能量损耗和通信质量所造成的影响.协议采用概率分析的方法确定最优检测邻域范围,根据检测区域的节点密度确定簇首筛选阈值以进行簇首选举,建立分簇形式的网络路由协议.仿真实验的结果表明,本文提出的改进型协议能够在有效节约能耗的同时提高网络的通信质量.

关键词：路由协议通信质量 leach 无线传感器网络节约能量节点密度

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CEER:Cooperative Energy-Efficient Routing Mechanism for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Using Clusters

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2023年第6期45卷 2587-2602页

作者： Sayyed Mudassar Shah Tariq Hussain Babar Shah Farman Ali Khalid Zaman Kyung-Sup Kwak Institute of Computer Science&Information Technology the University of Agriculture Peshawar25000Pakistan High Performance Computing and Networking Institute National Research Council(ICAR-CNR)Naples80131Italy College of Technological Innovation Zayed UniversityDubai19282UAE Department of Software Sejong UniversitySeoul05006Korea Department of Information and Communication Engineering Inha UniversityIncheon22212Korea

Underwater acoustic sensor networks(UWASNs)aim to find varied offshore ocean monitoring and exploration applications.In most of these applications,the network is composed of several sensor nodes deployed at different depths in the water.Sensor nodes located at depth on the seafloor cannot invariably communicate with nodes close to the surface level;these nodes need multihop communication facilitated by a suitable routing scheme.In this research work,a Cluster-based Cooperative Energy Efficient Routing(CEER)mechanism for UWSNs is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of the Co-UWSN and leach mechanisms.The optimal role of clustering and cooperation provides load balancing and improves the network profoundly.The simulation results using MATLAB show better performance of CEER routing protocol in terms of various parameters as compared to Co-UWSN routing protocol,i.e.,the average end-to-end delay of CEER was 17.39,Co-UWSN was 55.819 and leach was 70.08.In addition,the average total energy consumption of CEER was 9.273,Co-UWSN was 12.198,and leach was 45.33.The packet delivery ratio of CEER was 53.955,CO-UWSN was 42.047,and leach was 30.31.The stability period CEER was 130.9,CO-UWSN was 129.3,and leach was 119.1.The obtained results maximized the lifetime and improved the overall performance of the CEER routing protocol.

关键词： Cluster head co-UWSN UWSN relay leach CEER

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基于分区和能量距离因子的leach改进协议

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数据采集与处理 2020年第5期35卷 920-929页

作者：卞有为张玲华南京邮电大学通信与信息工程学院南京210023

leach协议是无线传感器网络中分布式成簇网络协议中的经典算法。但网络中的簇头能量消耗不平均、节点死亡时间出现的早等问题较为严重,本文提出了改进的基于分区和能量距离因子的leach⁃EDP协议。通过提出距离修正和剩余能量修正因子来... 详细信息

leach协议是无线传感器网络中分布式成簇网络协议中的经典算法。但网络中的簇头能量消耗不平均、节点死亡时间出现的早等问题较为严重,本文提出了改进的基于分区和能量距离因子的leach⁃EDP协议。通过提出距离修正和剩余能量修正因子来修正簇头选举阈值函数,对部署实施区域分区,针对区域进行各种增益参数权重的调整,从而延缓网络中死亡节点的第一次出现,使WSN的存活时间得到一定的延长。仿真实验表明,与传统leach协议进行对比,leach⁃EDP协议死亡节点的出现推迟了79.5%,网络死亡时间延迟了57.4%。

关键词：无线传感器网络 leach 能量因子距离因子

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