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HCV genotype distribution and possible transmission risks in lahore, Pakistan

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第34期16卷 4321-4328页

作者： Waqar Ahmad Bushra Ijaz Fouzia Tahir Javed Shah Jahan Imran Shahid Fawad Mumtaz Khan Sajida Hassan Applied and Functional Genomics Lab Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology University of the Punjab Applied and Functional Genomics Lab Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology University of the Punja Department of Pathology Jinnah Hospital Plastic Surgery Department Mayo Hospital

AIM: To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and their association with possible transmission routes in the general population of lahore, as the data exclusively related to this city is limited. METHODS: Complete data regarding patient's history, possible route of infection and biochemical tests was collected from the public hospital for 1364 patients. SPSS version 16 windows software was used for data analysis by univariate and multivariate techniques. RESULTS: Age range ≤ 40 years showed high prevalence of HCV infection. HCV genotype 3a was dominant (55.9%), followed by 1a (23.6%), 4a (12.5%), 3b (3.2%), untypable (2.5%), 4b (1.2%) and mixed type (1.2%). Blood transfusion, dental surgery and barber shops were the main risk factors for HCV transmission. Genotype prevalence was independent of age (P = 0.971) and gender (P = 0.122) while risk factors showed a significant association with age (P = 0.000) and genotypes (P = 0.000). We observed an independent association of risk factors and genotype 3a, while patients with genotype 1 and 4 were mostly infected due to dental surgery blood transfusion and barber shops. Risk factors of intravenous drug use and sexual exposure were exclusively found in ≤ 40 years age group. CONCLUSION: An increase in genotypes 1a and 4a suggest migration of people, possibly from Balochistan and the northern war-zone area. Government should focus on public education regarding infection routes.

关键词： Hepatitis C virus Prevalence Genotypes Risk factors lahore

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Defensible citadel:History and architectural character of the lahore Railway Station

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2020年第4期9卷 805-819页

作者： Naubada Ali Zhou Qi Department of Architecture Southeast UniversityNanjing210096China

This study aims to investigate the defensible character of the lahore railway station built in response to"the war of independenee in 1857,"which greatly impacted the location and design of the *** study demonstrates the in tegral role played by the railway station in the development of the new colonial city,which the British wants to be defensive in every *** were introduced in Pakistan(India)soon after their inauguration in *** from the mode of transportation,the multifaced contribution of railways toward the urban growth,new architectural style,mode of construction,and technology cannot be *** research is based on the documentation and analysis of the history of lahore railway station ***,this study uses primary and secondary data to offer a history of the lahore railway station from its inception to final ***,it explores the criteria adopted by the British for its site selection to make the station a defensible *** research finding in eludes the visual features that enhanced the architectural character of the *** methods are used including several other approaches,namely,literature review,archival data collection,analysis of photographs,and study of architectural drawings and old maps,to achieve the objectives.

关键词： History lahore Railway station Defensible character Architectural character

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Preliminary investigation of late Mughal period wall paintings from historic monuments of Begumpura,lahore

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2018年第4期7卷 465-472页

作者： Saima Gulzar Jean-Pierre Burg Department of Architecture University of Management and TechnologyLahore 54770Pakistan Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Geological InstituteNO E 67Sonneggstrasse 5CH-8092 ZurichSwitzerland

Deterioration of wall paintings caused by environmental pollution is a worldwide problem especially with reference to the present industrial era. The alarming incremental trend of pollution in Pakistan has threatened the cultural assets. The deposition of pollutants on historic fabric is the main source of chemical and mineralogical alterations of wall paintings. The present diagnostic study investigated the main deterioration mechanisms affecting wall paintings of the late Mughal period, in the Begumpura Complex, in lahore. Micro samples were characterized by XRD and SEM-EDS to identify deterioration products and understand deterioration mechanisms prevalent at the heritage site. The results revealed that red ocher, green earth and calcium carbonate were initially used for red, green and white pigments, respectively. Sodium chloride (halite, NaCl) and gypsum (CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O) were identified as the main deterioration products. (C) 2018 Higher Education Press Limited Company. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi.

关键词： Deterioration Wall Painting Begumpura lahore

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Travelers'attitudes toward carpooling in lahore:motives and constraints

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Journal of Modern Transportation 2017年第4期25卷 268-278页

作者： Muhammad Ashraf Javid Tahir Mehmood Hafiz Muhammad Asif Ahsan Ullah Vaince Mohsin Raza College of Engineering and Architecture University of NizwaNizwaOman Department of Transportation Engineering and Management University of Engineering and TechnologyLahorePakistan Roadway Traffic and Transportation Safety Research CenterUnited Arab Emirates UniversityAl AinUAE

Traffic congestion has become a critical issue in developing countries,as it tends to increase social costs in terms of travel cost and time,energy consumption and environmental *** limited resources,reducing travel demand by influencing individuals’ travel behavior can be a better long-term *** achieve this objective,alternate travel options need to be provided so that people can commute comfortably and *** study aims to identify key motives and constraints in the consideration of carpooling policy with the help of stated preference questionnaire survey that was conducted in lahore *** designed questionnaire includes respondents’ socioeconomic demographics,and intentions and stated preferences on carpooling *** analysis was conducted on travelers’ responses,and a structural model was developed for *** and modeling results reveal that social,environmental and economic benefits,disincentives on car use,preferential parking treatment for carpooling,and comfort and convenience attributes are significant determinants in promoting ***,people with strong belief in personal privacy,security,freedom in traveling and carpooling service constraints would have less potential to use thecarpooling *** addition,pro-auto and pro-carpooling attitudes,marital status,profession and travel purpose for carpooling are also underlying *** findings implicate that to promote carpooling policy it is required to consider appropriate incentives on this service and disincentives on use of private vehicle along with modification of people’s attitudes and intentions.

关键词： Travel behavior Travel demand management Carpooling Stated preference Questionnaire survey lahore

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SAR-based Subsidence Monitoring and Assessment of the Factors Involved in the Occurrence of Subsidence,lahore City

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2022年第5期13卷 826-841页

作者： Atif AHMAD WANG Chao TANG Yixian Mubbashra SULTAN Attia FALAK DUAN Wei WANG Jing Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science Aerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100094China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China University of the Punjab Lahore 54590Pakistan

The judicious use and management of natural resources is vital to achieve sustainable *** and water are prime natural resources,and their depletion and degradation can lead to serious threats like land *** subsidence is a phenomenon of the alteration of elevation at a point on the earth through the sinking of the *** occurs when the earth’s surface loses its *** major causes of land subsidence include groundwater extraction,mining,construction overload,and other similar factors that increase pressure on the surface and eventually subsidize the *** centers with excessive groundwater extraction and infrastructure development are at a high risk of ***,the second-largest city in Pakistan,is undergoing an enormous increase in population density,uncontrolled urbanization with very large-scale construction projects,and intensive groundwater extraction which are responsible for subsidence directly or ***,studies on groundwater status and unplanned urban appraisals have seriously urged monitoring of the subsidence in ***,we used freely available Sentinel-1 data for one year(from August 2018 to August 2019),with a high spatial and temporal resolution,to monitor subsidence in *** data were processed using the SNAP/Sta MPS approach for Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar(PSI)analysis,which is an advanced InSAR *** displacement velocity map from InSAR processing shows a significant land deformation in the area with values ranging from-114 to 15 mm yr^(-1).Along with the Sentinel-1 data,we also used supplementary data obtained from various government agencies of Pakistan to study the land cover map,transportation network and waterways of lahore,soil types,population density,and field points for assessing the results and understanding the roles of various factors in the occurrence of uplift or subsidence.A strong correlation was established between sub

关键词： Sentinel-1 subsidence PSI groundwater extraction urbanization lahore

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Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) as an Alternative Evaluation Tool for Historical Built Heritages in lahore, Pakistan

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Journal of World Architecture 2023年第6期7卷 36-44页

作者： Rabia Khaskheli Weiping Zhang Hina Marvi Arabella Bhutto College of Arts Xi’an University of Architecture&TechnologyChina Department of Architecture&Planning Shaheed Allah Buksh Soomro University of ArtDesign&HeritagesJamshoro 76090SindhPakistan

Heritage Impact Assessments(HIAs)are progressively needed to investigate potential impacts and outcomes of development on the Outstanding Universal Value(OUV)of world heritage ***,many key stakeholders involved in implementing the World Heritage Convention lack the management system,methodological tools,and guidelines to conduct effective impact assessments in areas without these *** paper explores the successful utilization of the Heritage Impact Assessment(HIA)tool to address concerns raised by UNESCO and civil *** occurred when the Punjab government initiated the Orange Line Metro Train Project(OLMT)near the World Heritage Shalimar Garden and other historic monuments in *** project aimed to meet the daily transportation needs of around 2.5 million commuters.

关键词： Heritage Impact Assessment(HIA) Mughal Architecture Shalimar Garden Outstanding Universal Value(OUV) lahore Pakistan

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Validity of the patient health questionnaires(phq-2 and phq-9)for screening depression among human immunodeficiency virus patients in lahore,Pakistan

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World Journal of Virology 2022年第5期11卷 341-351页

作者： Khunsa Junaid Iqra Akram Muhammad Daood Amjad Khan Department of Community Medicine King Edward Medical UniversityLahore 54000Punjab ProvincePakistan Department of Pulmonology General HospitalLahore 54000Punjab ProvincePakistan Department of Public Health and Nutrition the University of HaripurHaripur 22781Khyber PakhtunkhwaPakistan

BACKGROUND Many human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infected patients suffer from depression,but a little focus is given to detecting and treating depression in primary health *** of depression can be improved by introducing short,reliable,and valid screening *** To determine the psychometric properties of the patient health questionnaire-2(PHQ-2)and patient health questionnaire-9(PHQ-9)for depression screening and diagnosis,and the sensitivity and specificity of the PHQ-2 in HIV infected *** A cross-sectional study was conducted on 158 HIV-infected patients aged 18 years and above in lahore,***-2 was implemented to screen ***-9 was implemented to diagnose major depressive disorder as a reference ***,Validity tests and receiver operating characteristic curve were *** The Cronbach's alpha of PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 were 0.732 and 0.759,*** study results showed that the score of 2 on PHQ-2 indicates the highest Youden's index of 0.924,with both sensitivity and specificity of 0.96,and the area under the curve for PHQ-2 was 0.98(95%CI:0.953-0.998).CONCLUSION Good psychometric properties for the PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 indicated their significant potential as tools for depression screening and diagnosis in the HIV-infected population.

关键词： Depression Validity Patient health questionnaire-9 Patient health questionnaire-2 HIV/AIDS lahore Pakistan

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