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Evaluation at the Level of Health Facilities, of the Protective Efficacy of llins in Children under 5 Years Old from Localities of Low and High Resistance of Vectors to Pyrethroid Insecticides in Benin in West Africa

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2022年第1期12卷 57-73页

作者： Tokponnon Tatchémè Filémon Ossè Razaki Arthur Sovi Wakpo Abel Hounto Ogouyémi Aurore Sissinto Yolande Adechoubou Alioun Houansou Télesphore Oke Mariam Kinde-Gazard Dorothée Massougbodji Achille Akogbeto Martin Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC) Cotonou Benin Ministry of Health Cotonou Benin Centre Béninois de le Recherche Scientifique et de l’Innovation Cotonou Benin Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi Université d’Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Bénin Ecole de Gestion et d’exploitation des systèmes d’élevage Université Nationale d’Agriculture Kétou Benin Faculté des Sciences de la Santé de l’Université d’Abomey Calavi Cotonou Benin National Malaria Control Programme Cotonou Benin World Health Organization Cotonou Benin

Context: The resistance to pyrethroids in malaria vectors continues to grow in Africa and could therefore compromise or reduce substantially the effectiveness of llins in preventing malaria. It is therefore of paramount importance to evaluate the protective efficacy of llins in children sleeping in areas of vector resistance to insecticides in order to draw lessons for future interventions. This study assesses the effect of the use of llins on malaria morbidity in clusters of low and high resistance of vectors to pyrethroids. Methods: This is a cross-sectional case-control study with one control for one case that was conducted in the communes of Kétou, Ifangni, Kétou, and Pobè in the Plateau department of southern Benin. The use of llins and malaria morbidity was measured and compared in children from clusters of low and high vector resistance to insecticides. In each commune, 30 cases and 30 controls were recruited for a total of 240 children under 5 years of age from villages with low and high insecticide resistance. Results: According to the localities of origin of the children, of all parents of children surveyed, 169 (70.4%) asserted the children slept under an LLIN the day before they arrived at the health center. This rate represents 70.8% (85 children) among the cases and 70.0% (84 children) among the controls without significant difference (p = 0.8). The use of llins the day before the survey, the frequency of their use during the two weeks preceding the day of the survey, their availability at the household level, the use of other tools for protection against mosquito bites are the same in the two groups of children (cases and controls) (p > 0.05) as well in low and high resistance villages. On the other hand, the parasite prevalence, the splenomegaly and the geometric means of the parasite densities, are significantly higher in the cases than in the controls (p Conclusion: The evaluation of epidemiological indicators in children under five years old at th

关键词： Case-Controls llins Malaria Morbidity Pyrethroids Resistance Benin

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Evaluation of the Use of Long-Lasting Impregnated Mosquito Nets (llins) in the Health District of Dimbokro (Center of Côte d’Ivoire)

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2024年第3期12卷 44-61页

作者： Ellélé Aimé Marius Yapi Tanoh Amany Serge Raymond N’krumah Bi Yourou Guillaume Zamina Martial Bama Assikohon Pulchérie Gouzilé Amoin Nadège Abo Issaka Tiembre General Hygiene Department Institut National d’HygiènePublique (INHP) Abidjan C&ocircte d’Ivoire Animal Biology Department Peléféro Gon Coulibaly University Korhogo C&ocircte d’Ivoire Environment and Health Department Swiss Center for Scientific Research Abidjan C&ocircte d’Ivoire Public Health Emergency Operations Center National Institute of Public Hygiene (INHP) Abidjan C&ocircte d’Ivoire Malaria Department National Institute of Public Hygiene (INHP) Abidjan C&ocircte d’Ivoire Epidemiological Surveillance Service Health District Dimbokro C&ocircte d’Ivoire Vaccinology Sub-Directorate National Institute of Public Hygiene (INHP) Abidjan C&ocircte d’Ivoire Department of Public Health Félix Houphou&eumlt Boigny University Abidjan C&ocircte d’Ivoire

The Dimbokro health district has one of the highest incidences of malaria in Côte d’Ivoire, despite numerous campaigns to distribute Long-Acting Impregnated Mosquito Nets (llins). Given this observation, what are the population’s attitudes towards llins that could explain the high endemicity of malaria in Dimbokro? The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of people in the health area of Nofou, one of the villages in the Dimbokro health district where malaria is most prevalent, with a view to strengthening malaria control strategies. A collection of historical health data (malaria cases and LLIN usage rates) and a cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out from July 20 to August 03, 2022 in 400 households selected by systematic random sampling. Data were entered using Epi Info 7 and multivariate statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS 22 software. In the Dimbokro health district, the rate of LLIN use was negatively correlated (r = -0.771) with malaria incidence over the six years of historical data collection. Households had an average of 53% good knowledge, 68.6% good practices and 28.4% good attitudes towards llins. The study also revealed that the main factors explaining LLIN use in the Nofou health area are mosquito bite (ORa = 5.29 (1.12 - 25.04)), age of household members (ORa = 1.07 (1.01 - 1.14)) and marital status (ORa = 8.45 (1.70 - 45.02)). Awareness-raising on the use of llins should be intensified in the Dimbokro health district. Other control strategies, such as vector control and environmental sanitation, should be considered to combat malaria.

关键词： Malaria llins Knowledge Attitudes Practices Dimbokro Côte d’Ivoire

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Post-intervention assessment of long-lasting insecticide nets (llins) distributed in the Kano metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria

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Advances in Entomology 2013年第2期1卷 38-41页

作者： Gobir Zainab Tukur Zainab Department of Biological Science Bayero University Kano Nigeria

Kano state has distributed about 4,137,464 Long Lasting Insecticide Nets (llins) in 2009 being one of the main malariavector control strategy developed by the Nigeria Federal Ministry of Health(FMOH) in line with Roll Back Malaria. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of llins in use, the knowledge, attitude and practicesof some net users inthe Kano metropolis. A Cone bioassay with laboratory reared Anopheles was performed. Knock down after 60 minutes and mortality after 24 hours followed with a 3 minutes exposure were evaluated. A total of 210 households were administered with a structured questionnaire on two hundred and five (205) respondents (97.6%) indicated knowledge about llins while five (5) respondents (2.4%) were not aware. Very high and consistent knockdown and mortality in all 5 replicates were found. Respondent still holds some reservation on the use of llins, and one hundred and five respondents (54.8%) believed it causes heat. The respondents replied that they did not rely mostly on llins, despite their beliefs in the efficacy of it rather. 41.4% of the people that participated in the research still resorted to use of aerosols and 26.2% use smoke screens to prevent mosquito bites. It can be concluded from the findings that respondents were aware of long lasting insecticide net and agreed on its effectiveness against the vector of malaria parasite and other insects, with some having reservations on the use of smoke screens and indoor residual insecticide sprays to prevent mosquitobites. Considering that the nets are expected tobe effective for three years or more years, it is reasonable to conclude that the nets were effective in preventing mosquito bites based on the knock-down and exposure mortality results obtained during this study.

关键词： llins Cone Bioassay Mortality Knockdown Nigeria

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Evaluation of Efficacy of Insecticides and Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets for Control of Culex quinquefasciatus Say Populations from Northern Nigeria

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Advances in Entomology 2022年第2期10卷 186-203页

作者： Jamila A. Datti Muhammad M. Mukhtar Maimuna T. Usman Bilkisu I. Abba Binta G. Kurfi Sulaiman S. Ibrahim Department of Biochemistry Bayero University Kano Nigeria Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Bayero University Kano Nigeria Department of Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place UK

Information on Culex mosquitoes (vectors of filarial worm and viral encephalitis) from northern Nigeria is scanty, hindering evidence-based control. Here, two Culex populations (Kano and Kaduna) were characterized. Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex pipiens were found breeding in sympatry, with some hybrid individuals identified. Larval bioassays revealed high temephos resistance (LC50s = 1.34 mg/mL and 3.01 mg/mL for Kano and Kaduna, respectively). Larvae were more sensitive to α-cypermethrin (LC50s = 0.026 mg/mL and 0.067 mg/mL for Kano and Kaduna). WHO adult tube bioassays revealed high pyrethroid and DDT resistance, with mortalities of 44.01% ± 6.79%, 35.83% ± 12.58%, 29.69% ± 9.97% and 52.47% ± 4.34% for permethrin, deltamethrin, α-cypermethrin and DDT, respectively. Highest resistance was observed with bendiocarb (mortality = 13.58% ± 3.98%). High resistance was obtained with fenitrothion and malathion (mortalities = 21% ± 4.76% and 56.47% ± 8.67%, respectively), while a full susceptibility was observed with pirimiphos-methyl. Pre-exposure to piperonylbutoxide (PBO) significantly recovered α-cypermethrin susceptibility (mortality = 82% ± 5.16%, χ2 = 50.99, p < 0.0001), compared with the conventional bioassay (mortality = 32 ± 7.30). Mortalities of <20% were obtained in cone bioassays with Yorkool, DuraNet and PermaNet3.0 (side panels) nets, suggesting a loss of efficacy of conventional long-lasting insecticidal nets. However, mortalities of 99% and 86% were obtained in Kano and Kaduna populations using the roof of PermaNet3.0 (containing PBO and deltamethrin). Despite the high frequency of the 1014F VGSC knockdown resistance mutation allele (0.90), no correlation was observed between the 1014F kdr genotype and resistance phenotype. Sequencing of fragments of the acetylcholinesterase-1 gene detected no G119S mutation, in malathion-alive and malathion-dead females. These suggest a preeminent role of metabolic resistance in these Cu

关键词： Culex quinquefasciatus Metabolic Resistance Insecticides llins PBO P450s

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Field Durability of Yorkool^(█) LN Nets in the Benin Republic

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Advances in Entomology 2020年第1期8卷 72-92页

作者： I.B.Ahogni R.Y.Aikpon R.A.Osse J.F.Dagnon R.Govoetchan R.H.Attolou A.Agbevo R.Azondekon C.Z.Koukpo V.Gnanguenon H.Sagbohan C.Kpanou F.Tokponon B.Akinro G.G.Padonou M.C.Akogbeto Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou(CREC) Ministry of HealthCotonouBenin Faculte des Sciences et Techniques(FAST) University of Abomey-Calavi(UAC)CotonouBenin Ecole Normale Superieure de Natitingou ENS Universite Nationale des SciencesTechnologiesIngenierie et Mathematiques(UNSTIM)NatitingouBenin Ecole de Gestion et d’Exploitation des Systemes d’Elevage(EGESE) Universite Nationale d’AgricultureKetouBenin President’s Malaria Initiative US Agency for International DevelopmentCotonouBenin CREC-London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medecine(CREC-LSHTM Collaborative Research Programme) CotonouBenin University of Wisconsin Milwaukee MilwaukeeUSA USAID PMI VectorLink project Abt associatesBujumburaBurundi National Malaria Control Program CotonouBenin

Context: Recent publications on WHO recommended methods for estimating the survival of llins are good guidelines for assessing the performance of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins). Thus, this field trial study was undertaken to evaluate the durability of the Yorkool? LN mosquito net distributed during the 2017 campaign in Benin. Methods: The monitoring of Yorkool? LN nets was carried out in two districts (Djougou III and Barienou) in Djougou, department of Donga, northern Benin from October 2017 to March 2019. A representative sample of 250 households that had received the Yorkool? LN polyester llins during the 2017 campaign was selected in the rural and urban areas of each district and monitored for 6, 12 and 18 months. An evaluation of the survival of Yorkool? LN nets was conducted based on the rate of loss and physical condition of the surviving nets as measured by the proportional hole index (pHI). Finally, the chemical efficacy of these llins during each period was determined using the WHO cone tests. Results: Survival of Yorkool? LN nets was similar in both rural and urban areas, although there was a difference in survival between the 6-month (95.3%), 12-month (89.7%), and 18-month follow-up periods (74.4%). A difference in survival was also observed between the NetCalc model (84%) compared to the Yorkool? LN nets of this study (74.4%). The attrition rate was 29.6% for llins at 18 months. Surprisingly, the physical integrity of the llins was minimally affected in the municipality. Indeed, the proportion of mosquito nets in good condition without a hole was 51.8% compared to 56.8% with a hole after 18 months. Only 7.8% of the llins in the two districts were damaged compared to 2.6% which needed to be replaced. The washing frequency, location of the llins and the frequency of use are some factors contributing to the appearance of the holes in llins. The bio-efficacy results of llins based on the cone test were good with mortality rates of 74%, 66%, 72% and

关键词： Durability Yorkool^(█) LN llins Survival Physical Integrity Bio-Efficacy

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Human Habitats and Malaria Vector Control in Benin: Current Situation and Implications for Effective Control

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2023年第4期13卷 706-721页

作者： Barikissou G. Damien Armel Djènontin Badirou Aguemon Franck Remoué MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie Génétique Evolution et Contr&#244le) Université de Montpellier IRD CNRS Montpellier France/Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC) Cotonou Benin Centre de Formation et de Recherche en matière de Population Université d’Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Bénin Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université d’Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Bénin Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Université d’Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Bénin

Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the main indoor malaria vector tools control tools. The study examined housing characteristics and investigated the relationship between the total volume of household possessions, the volume of the sleeping room, and the hanging of llins. A total of 831 bedrooms were randomly selected in Benin in 2015. The findings showed that mud walls were predominant in rural areas (more than 75%), while metal roofs were common (77.3% - 97.9%). Battery-powered lighting was prevalent in rural areas in Northern (97%), while open-flame oil lamps were commonly used in rural areas in Southern (86%). The availability of correct bedding was low, ranging from 1% to 10% in all households. 20% of the bedrooms had at least 50% of their volume occupied by household possessions in urban areas. In rural areas, bedrooms without llins had a lower mean rate ratio of the volume occupied by possessions per the total volume of the room compared to bedrooms with at least one LLIN installed (p < 0.0001). The characteristics of human habitats are not favourable to the correct use of vector control intervention indoors. It is therefore important to improve people’s living conditions as the next step for malaria elimination.

关键词： Housing Lighting Bedding Possessions Malaria Vector Control llins IRS

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Evaluation of the Anti-Salivary IgG Response Specific to Anopheles Vectors of Malaria in Children under Five Seen in Health Care Settings in Areas of Low and High Insecticide Resistance in Southern Benin

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2023年第2期13卷 269-282页

作者： Tokponnon T. Filémon Ossè Razaki Noukpo Herbert Legba Thibaut Koukpo Zinsou Come Oke Mariam Fassinou Arsène Akakpo Evelyne Fassinou Hector Padonou Gil Germain Remoue Franck Kinde-Gazard Dorothée Akogbeto Martin Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi Université d’Abomey-Calavi Abomey-Calavi Bénin Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC) Cotonou Benin Ministry of Health Cotonou Benin Centre Béninois de la Recherche Scientifique et de l’Innovation (CBRSI) Cotonou Bénin Ecole de Gestion et d’Exploitation des Systèmes d’Elevage Université Nationale d’Agriculture Kétou Benin National Malaria Control Programme Cotonou Benin Faculté des Sciences de la Santé de l’Université d’Abomey Calavi Cotonou Benin Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Montpellier France

The widespread use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) is a major intervention method for malaria control. While coverage of llins has increased, there is a need for information on the operational effectiveness of nets deployed in the field in the context of malaria vector resistance to insecticides used for impregnation. The development of specific anti-malarial biomarkers to assess exposure to mosquito bites is an important development in evaluations. The aim of this study was to characterize the human IgG antibody response to Anopheles gSG6-P1 saliva, a salivary peptide antigen previously shown to be a relevant biomarker of human exposure to Anopheles bites, in order to assess the llins under field conditions in areas of low and high vector resistance to insecticides. We analyzed data from 240 randomly selected children ( 0.05). Furthermore, the same finding was observed for antibody expression in children whether or not they used llins on the day before the survey (p = 0.7724). Similarly, gender and especially age, major factors of variation in the adaptive immune response, did not have a significant effect on IgG expression.

关键词： Case-Controls llins Malaria Morbidity Pyrethroids Resistance Antibodies Bite Exposure Biomarkers Benin

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