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Comparison of Cost-effective Distances for lfac with HVAC and HVDC in Their Connections for Offshore and Remote Onshore Wind Energy

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2021年第5期7卷 954-975页

作者： Xin Xiang Shiyuan Fan Yunjie Gu Wenlong Ming Jianzhong Wu Wuhua Li Xiangning He Timothy C.Green College of Electrical Engineering Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Bath.Bath BA27AYUK. School of Engineering Cardiff UniversityCF243AA CardiffUK. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Imperial College LondonLondonSW72AZUK

For a cost-effective connection of large-scale longdistance wind energy,a low frequency alternating current(lfac)transmission scheme(16.7 Hz or 20 Hz)is proposed as an alternative to the conventional high voltage alternating current(HVAC)transmission scheme(50 Hz or 60 Hz)and the recently popular high voltage direct current(HVDC)transmission scheme(0 Hz).The technical feasibility of the lfac system is demonstrated but the basis for identifying the distance ranges for which lfac would be preferable to HVAC and HVDC are not established and the dependence of this range on factors,such as power transfer rating,voltage rating and cable/line type,is not *** paper presents an in-depth analysis for the overall cost of lfac system and then provides an extensive comparison with HVAC and HVDC,to explore the distance ranges over which lfac is cost-effective over both HVAC and HVDC in connections of offshore and remote onshore wind *** results demonstrate that the lfac system does possess ranges in the intermediate distance for which it is more cost-effective than both HVAC and HVDC,and its overall cost advantage is generally larger in the overhead line(OHL)connection of remote onshore wind energy than the cable connection of offshore wind energy.

关键词： Cost-effective ranges lfac overall cost analysis wind energy.

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Electrical Collection Systems for Offshore Wind Farms:A Review

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2021年第5期7卷 1078-1092页

作者： Padmavathi Lakshmanan Ruijuan Sun Jun Liang CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute(CEERI) Pilani RajasthanIndia School of Elctrical Engineering Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450066China. School of Engineering Cardiff University.UK.

A review of the electrical collection systems in offshore wind farms(OWFs)is presented in this *** review is based on a categorization of offshore wind power electrical collection *** classification encompasses three categories of electrical collection systems,medium voltage AC collection,medium voltage DC collection systems and low frequency AC collection systems(lfac).This paper summarizes the related research on different collection systems and explores their operational characteristics and *** the initial cost of an OWF is very much influenced,to a great extent,by the configuration of electrical collection and transmission systems,it is necessary to understand the key components and challenges in each collection system configuration.

关键词： DC collection systems lfac offshore wind farms.

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A critical survey of technologies of large offshore wind farm integration: summary, advances, and perspectives

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Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems 2022年第1期7卷 233-264页

作者： Bo Yang Bingqiang Liu Hongyu Zhou Jingbo Wang Wei Yao Shaocong Wu Hongchun Shu Yaxing Ren Faculty of Electric Power Engineering Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming 650500China State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology (Huazhong University of Science and Technology)Wuhan 430074Hubei ProvinceChina Warwick Manufacturing Group University of WarwickCoventry CV47ALUK

Offshore wind farms(OWFs)have received widespread attention for their abundant unexploited wind energy poten-tial and convenient locations *** are rapidly developing towards having large capacity and being located further away from *** is thus necessary to explore effective power transmission technologies to connect large OWFs to onshore *** present,three types of power transmission technologies have been proposed for large OWF *** are:high voltage alternating current(HVAC)transmission,high voltage direct current(HVDC)transmission,and low-frequency alternating current(lfac)or fractional frequency alternating current *** work undertakes a comprehensive review of grid connection technologies for large OWF *** with previous reviews,a more exhaustive summary is provided to elaborate HVAC,lfac,and five HVDC topologies,consisting of line-commutated converter HVDC,voltage source converter HVDC,hybrid-HVDC,diode rectifier-based HVDC,and all DC transmission *** fault ride-through technologies of the grid connection schemes are also presented in detail to provide research references and guidelines for *** addition,a comprehensive evalu-ation of the seven grid connection technologies for large OWFs is proposed based on eight specific ***,eight conclusions and six perspectives are outlined for future research in integrating large OWFs.

关键词： Offshore wind farm HVAC HVDC lfac Fault ride-through

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面向海上低频输电系统的M3C故障穿越控制策略研究

面向海上低频输电系统的M3C故障穿越控制策略研究

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作者：赵宇航西安理工大学

学位级别：硕士

在“双碳”目标的驱动下,能源低碳化成为国际共识,清洁、低碳新能源在电力系统能源占比中大幅增长。随着风力资源获取由近海向中远海发展,为提升输送容量、提高电网灵活性,建立中远距离的新型输电系统成为必然的选择。具备交流和直流输... 详细信息

在“双碳”目标的驱动下,能源低碳化成为国际共识,清洁、低碳新能源在电力系统能源占比中大幅增长。随着风力资源获取由近海向中远海发展,为提升输送容量、提高电网灵活性,建立中远距离的新型输电系统成为必然的选择。具备交流和直流输电技术共同优势的低频交流输电技术(Low Frequency AC Transmission Technology,lfac)成为中远海海上风电送出的首要选择。本文聚焦于海上低频输电系统交-交变换核心的模块化多电平矩阵换流器(Modular Multilevel Matrix Converter,M3C)控制策略的研究。发生故障时,M3C两侧将产生不平衡功率,盈余的功率导致M3C子模块电容过电压,严重损坏M3C器件,甚至威胁系统安全运行。因此,研究M3C不同故障情况下的穿越控制策略具有重要意义。本文针对M3C故障穿越控制需求。分析工/低频侧对称故障功率特性与M3C自身特征,提出了一种基于电压/电流分层的双端协调M3C对称故障穿越控制策略,根据不同故障严重程度调节M3C两侧功率；分析工/低频侧不对称故障功率特性与M3C控制器,提出了一种基于自抗扰控制(Active Disturbance Rejection Control，ADRC)的有功自适应 M3C不对称故障穿越控制策略,抑制系统不对称故障电气量。论文的主要工作如下:首先,分析了低频输电系统的拓扑结构及数学模型,设计了改进滤波电容前馈控制下的M3C双dq变换稳态控制策略与永磁直驱风机换流器稳态控制策略,构建了海上低频输电系统基础模型。其次,针对M3C变频器的对称故障导致的不平衡功率问题,揭示M3C双端协调故障穿越控制思想。对于M3C工频侧,以电流极限为界限,对电流内环进行电流分层再分配;对于M3C低频侧,利用M3C物理结构与子模块调节能力,以不同电压分层协调工频故障信息,对低频侧有功功率进行分级裕度调节。提出了基于电压/电流分层的双端协调控制策略,并设计了 M3C和风机两侧有通信协同控制。仿真验证所提方法在多种故障情况下仍能较好实现对称故障穿越,维持M3C两侧功率平衡,具备良好的故障电压抬升与子模块电容过电压抑制能力。最后,针对M3C不对称故障导致的不稳定功率问题,利用有功功率二倍频抑制与负序电流抑制间的固定关系,设计内环正负序有功功率自适应修正控制。在此基础上,基于自抗扰控制的改进M3C内环电流控制器,提出了基于自抗扰控制的有功自适应控制策略,并给出基于PI双控制参数的ADRC多控制参数整定简化方法。仿真验证所提方法实现了不对称故障穿越控制,在不对称故障下相较PI控制性能优越、谐波污染小、波形质量高。

关键词： lfac M3C 故障穿越控制海上风电协调控制自抗扰控制故障特性

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