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Effects of <i>Myrothecium verrucaria</i>on Ultrastructural Integrity of kudzu (<i>Pueraria montana var. lobata</i>) and Phytotoxin Implications

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2012年第11期3卷 1513-1519页

作者： Robert E. Hoagland C. Douglas Boyette Kevin C. Vaughn Neal D. Teaster Ken Stetina United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville USA USDA-ARS Biological Control of Pests Research Unit Stoneville USA.

The fungus Myrothecium verrucaria (Alb. & Schwein.) (MV), originally isolated from diseased sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia L.), has bioherbicial activity against kudzu and several other weeds when applied with low concentrations of the surfactant Silwet L-77. To more fully understand the initial events of MV infection or disease progression, and to improve knowledge related to its mechanism of action, the effects of MV and its product (roridin A) on kudzu seedlings were examined at the ultrastructural level. Ultrastructural analysis of MV effects on kudzu seedlings revealed a rapid (~1 h after treatment) detachment of the protoplast from the cell wall and plasmodesmata appeared to be broken off and retained in the wall. These symptoms occurred well in advance of the appearance of any fungal growth structures. Some fungal growth was observed after severe tissue degeneration (24 to 48 h after treatment), but this occurred primarily at the extra-cellular location with respect to the kudzu tissues. kudzu seedlings treated with roridin A, a trichothecene produced by the fungus, exhibited some symptoms similar to those induced by the fungus applied in spore formulations with surfactant. The overall results are the first to report the ultrastructural effects of this bioherbicide on plants and suggest that penetration of a phytotoxic substance(s) in the fungal formulation was facilitated by the surfactant, and that roridin A exerts phytotoxicity toward kudzu.

关键词： Bioherbicide Biological Weed Control kudzu Myrothecium verrucaria Ultrastructure Trichothecene

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Evaluation of the Estrogenic Activity of Pueraria (kudzu) Flower Extract and Its Major Isoflavones Using ER-Binding and Uterotrophic Bioassays

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2013年第2期4卷 255-260页

作者： Tomoyasu Kamiya Akira Takano Yayoi Kido Yuki Matsuzuka Mayu Sameshima-Kamiya Masahito Tsubata Motoya Ikeguchi Kinya Takagaki Junei Kinjo Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Fukuoka University Fukuoka Japan Research and Development Division Toyoshinyaku Co. Ltd. Tosu-shi Japan

Pueraria flower extract (PFE) is a hot water extract of the kudzu flower (Pueraria thomsonii). Tea made from dried kudzu flower is widely used inChina, and PFE is utilized as a nutritional supplement inJapan. PFE contains unique isoflavones such as 6-hydroxygenistein 6,7-di-O-glucoside (6HGDG), tectorigenin 7-O-xylosylglucoside (TGXG), and tectoridin. 6HGDG is known to be metabolized into 6-hydroxygenistein, and TGXG and tectoridin are known to be metabolized into tectorigenin in the digestive tract. Isoflavones typically mimic the effects β-estradiol has on estrogen receptors (ERs) and may influence the female genital system in the case of excessive intake. As a result, the upper limit of safe daily consumption of soy isoflavones has been enforced inJapan. In the present study, ER-binding assays were performed using the EnBio estrogen receptor/cofactor assay system to compare the estrogenic activity of 6-hydroxygenistein and tectorigenin to that of the soy isoflavone genistein. In addition, uterotrophic bioassays were performed to investigate the estrogenic effects of PFE in vivo. The ER-binding assays revealed that the ER-binding affinities of 6-hydroxygenistein and tectorigenin were approximately 0.01 - 0.04 that of genistein. Soy isoflavone products also induced an increase in uterine wet and blotted weight at doses of 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, whereas PFE did not cause adverse estrogenic effects, even at a dose of 1000 mg/kg. Based on these results, PFE does not appear to contain compounds with strong estrogenic activity or cause adverse estrogenic effects in vivo. Importantly, the results of this study confirm the safety of PFE as a food supplement.

关键词： Estrogenic Activity 6-Hydroxygenistein kudzu Flower Extract Safety Evaluation Tectorigenin

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Chemical Profiling and Quantification of Isoflavone Phytoestrogens in kudzu Using LC/UV/MSD

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2011年第6期2卷 665-674页

作者： Qing-Li Wu Yong-Hong Yang Jim Simon 不详

Method development for determination of isoflavones in kudzu was achieved by HPLC/UV/ESI-MSD. Us- ing three kudzu species of Pueraria lobata, P. thomsonii and P. edulis, and analyzing the isoflavones sepa- rately by species and from different plant tissues (roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits) in each species, a total of 25 isoflavones were identified by their molecular ions and characteristic fragment ion peaks using LC/MSD under MS and MS/MS mode, and in comparison with standard isoflavones. Two main chemical groups were identified: 1) 8-C-glycosyl isoflavone of puerarin and the analogues of 5-OH puerarin, 3’-OH puerarin, 3’-OMe puerarin, and their glycosides;and 2) daidzein, genistein, glycitein and their glycosyl and malonyl derivatives, which are similar to those known in soy. To accurately quantitate total isoflavones, acidic hydrolysis during extraction of kudzu samples was applied to convert the oxygen glycosides into their respective isoflavone aglycones of daidzein, genistein and glycitein, or non-hydrolyzed carbon glycosides of puerarin, 5-OH puerarin, 3’-OH puerarin and 3’-OMe puerarin. Under the multiple optimized conditions, all seven isoflavones in acidic hydrolyzed kudzu extracts were successfully separated within 30 min and quanti- fied individually with calycosin used as internal standard by both UV and MS detectors. For the quantitative study, several standards e.g. 5-OH puerarin, 3’-OH puerarin and 3’-OMe puerarin are not commercially available. Using polyamide, sephdex-LH20 chromatography and Prep-HPLC, we purified these three stan- dards from kudzu extracts and then elucidated their structures by UV, MS and NMR spectrometric methods. This is the first method to simultaneously quantitate all the isoflavones in kudzu.

关键词： kudzu Pueraria Isoflavones LC/UV/MSD

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Interaction of the Bioherbicide Myrothecium verrucaria and Glyphosate for kudzu Control

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第26期5卷 3943-3956页

作者： Clyde Douglas Boyette Robert E. Hoagland Mark A. Weaver Kenneth C. Stetina United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Biological Control of Pests Research Unit Stoneville MS USA United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville MS USA

kudzu is an exotic invasive weed in the southeastern U.S. that is difficult to control with current commercial herbicides. Some success for its control has been achieved using a bioherbicidal agent, Myrothecium verrucaria (MV). Spore and mycelial formulations of MV were tested alone and in combination with glyphosate for control of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) under greenhouse and field conditions in naturally-infested areas. In greenhouse and field experiments, kudzu control increased as the concentration of spores or mycelia increased. Glyphosate alone provided 10%, 35%, 50% and 60% control in field experiments at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0X rates, respectively and MV alone spores provided 15%, 50%, 65% and 85% control at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0X rates, respectively. However, when MV spores were combined with glyphosate, significantly higher control occurred than that caused by either component alone. Similar levels of control were observed for MV mycelial formulations applied alone or with glyphosate at equivalent concentrations of the fungus. The rate of disease progression was more rapid and severe at all fungal spore or mycelial formulations and herbicide rates when these propagules were applied in combination with glyphosate. In field tests, 24 h after application, only 20% of kudzu plants were severely damaged by MV alone (0.25X), whereas 80% were severely diseased when MV spores and glyphosate were mixed and applied at 0.25X rates each. A similar trend occurred with the MV mycelial formulation applied at these rates. Synergist interactions on kudzu control were observed, especially when lower levels of MV (spores or mycelia) and glyphosate were combined and applied to kudzu in the greenhouse or in the field. These results suggest that it may be possible to incorporate glyphosate to improve the bioherbicidal control potential and reduce herbicide and inoculum requirements of M. verrucaria spores or mycelium for controlling kudzu.

关键词： Bioherbicide Glyphosate kudzu Myrothecium verrucaria Pueraria lobata

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粉葛与掺伪品番薯的比较鉴别

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光明中医 2014年第7期29卷 1530-1531页

作者：时树强河南驻马店市中医院质检室驻马店463000

目的介绍粉葛与番薯的真伪鉴别方法。方法依据二者的植物形态、性状特征、显微鉴别、理化反应,薄层色谱等项目进行检验鉴别。结果通过这些简单的操作方法即可作出准确的鉴别。结论此方法可作为鉴别粉葛与番薯的可靠依据。

关键词：粉葛番薯鉴别 kudzu

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Degradation Rates of Native versus Exotic Leaves in a Tributary of the Yellow River in Georgia

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2017年第8期8卷 1967-1976页

作者： Bagie George Christopher Brandon Michael Erwin School of Science & Technology Georgia Gwinnett College Lawrenceville USA

Forested aquatic streams depend heavily on forest canopy input. This input is a primary resource for the macroinvertebrate fauna. As a result, changes in the canopy impact the aquatic ecosystem. The focus of this study was to identify leaf degradation rates to determine resource availability for invertebrate communities. Specifically, leaf degradation rates were determined for oak, poplar, maple and kudzu. Oak, poplar, and maple are established stream canopy vegetation while kudzu is an invasive species. By comparing leaf degradation rates of native vs. exotic leaves, it provides an insight to changes in community structure. Furthermore, these changes in the plant canopy biodiversity have long-term implications for stream health.

关键词： Exotic Species kudzu Stream Health

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Bioherbicidal Efficacy of a Myrothecium verrucaria-Sector on Several Plant Species

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2016年第16期7卷 2376-2389页

作者： Robert E. Hoagland Clyde D. Boyette Kenneth C. Stetina Robin H. Jordan United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville MS USA United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Biological Control of Pests Research Unit Stoneville MS USA

Comparative studies were conducted on mycelial preparations of the bioherbicide, Myrothecium verrucaria (MV) strain IMI 361690 and a recently discovered sector (MV-Sector BSH) of this fungus. The whitish sector was discovered, isolated, grown in pure culture on PDA and found to be a stable, non-spore producing mutant when cultured over several months under conditions that cause circadian sporulation during growth of its MV parent. Application of MV and MV-Sector BSH mycelial preparations to intact plants (hemp sesbania and sicklepod) and leaf discs (kudzu and glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth) showed that the sector efficacy was generally equal to, or slightly lower than MV. Bioassays of MV and this sector on seed germination and early growth of sicklepod and hemp sesbania seeds demonstrated that hemp sesbania seeds were slightly more sensitive to the fungus than sicklepod seeds and that the sector bioherbicidal activity was slightly less than that of MV. SDS-PAGE protein profiles of cellular extracts of MV and the sector and their respective culture supernatants showed several differences with respect to quantity and number of certain protein bands. Overall results showed that the isolate was a non-spore producing mutant with phytotoxicity to several weeds (including weeds tolerant or resistant to glyphosate), and that the phytotoxic effects were generally equivalent to those caused by MV treatment. Results of this first report of a non-sporulating MV mutant that suggest additional studies on protein analysis, and an extended weed host range under greenhouse and field conditions are needed in order to further evaluate its possible bioherbicidal potential.

关键词： Bioherbicide Glyphosate-Resistance Palmer Amaranth kudzu Hemp Sesbania Sicklepod Myrothecium verrucaria Fungal Sector

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