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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2019年第11期11卷 1408-1425页

作者： Benjamin Sosi Justus Barongo Albert Getabu Samson Maobe Department of Natural Resources Egerton University Egerton Kenya Department of Natural Resources Kisii University Kisii Kenya Department of Geology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

Groundwater yields in the kenya Rift are highly unsustainable owing to geological variability. In this study, field hydraulic characterization was performed by using geo-electric approaches. The relations between electrical–hydraulic (eh) conductivities were modeled hypothetically and calibrated empirically. Correlations were based on the stochastic models and field-scale hydraulic parameters were contingent on pore-level parameters. By considering variation in pore-size distributions over eh conduction interval, the relations were scaled-up for use at aquifer-level. Material-level electrical conductivities were determined by using Vertical Electrical Survey and hydraulic conductivities by analyzing aquifer tests of eight boreholes in the Olbanita aquifer located in kenya rift. VES datasets were inverted by using the computer code IP2Win. The main result is that InT = 0.537(1nFa) + 3.695, the positive gradient indicating eh conduction through pore-surface networks and a proxy of weathered and clayey materials. An inverse (1/F-K) correlation is observed. Hydraulic parameters determined using such approaches may possibly contribute significantly towards sustainable yield management and planning of groundwater resources.

关键词： Electrical-Hydraulic Conductivity Model Weathered-Fractured Aquifer System Olbanita kenya Rift

Factors Associated with Glycated Hemoglobin Levels >6.5% among Diabetic Patients Attending kenyatta National Hospital, kenya

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Journal of Diabetes Mellitus 2021年第1期11卷 10-25页

作者： Maina Charity Muringo Joseph Mutai John Gachohi School of Public Health Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Centre for Public Health Research Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya Washington State University Global Health Kenya Nairobi Kenya

Introduction: Good quality care in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), whose prevalence is approximately 10% in kenya, may prevent or delay diabetes complications. This study determined blood glycemic targets, defined b... 详细信息

Introduction: Good quality care in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), whose prevalence is approximately 10% in Kenya, may prevent or delay diabetes complications. This study determined blood glycemic targets, defined by HbA1c levels (>6.5% [53 mmol/mol]) and associated factors among patients receiving diabetes management at Kenyatta National Hospital in Kenya. Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted between May to September 2017, we obtained blood samples from 381 consenting T2DM patients attending KNH. The study collected data using a detailed questionnaire while taking glycemic measurements. Factors associated with poor glycemic control (HbA1c levels >6.5%) were determined using Ordinal logistic regression modeling, STATA software version 13. Results: 103 (27.1%) T2DM patients with poor glycemic control were identified. In multivariate analysis, independent risk factors associated with poor glycemic control and their 95% confidence intervals included: concurrent hypertension (aOR 1.6, [1.1, 2.4]), receiving ≥3 oral anti-diabetes medication (aOR 2.4, [1.3, 4.6]) and good adherence to medication based on self-reporting (aOR 6.2, [1.9, 41.3). Independent protective factors included self-monitoring of blood glucose levels (aOR 0.35, [0.2, 0.4]), patients aged 51 to 60 years (aOR 0.5, [0.3, 0.9]), weight between 50 and 70 kgs (aOR 0.5, [0.3,

关键词： Diabetes Mellitus Glycemic Control Glycated Hemoglobin kenya

Systems Thinking and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Examples from kenya’s Afya JijiniProgram

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Health 2021年第7期13卷 694-704页

作者： Cougar Hall Benjamin Crookston Josh West Mary Linehan Chris McGahey Dan Wendo Ali Abdi Department of Public Health Brigham Young University Provo USA IMA World Health Washington DC USA IMA World Health Nairobi Kenya

The Afya Jijini program targeted improved access to and quality of health services in Nairobi City County through the strengthening of local health systems. The program took a systems thinking approach recognizing that strong, coordinated commitments and contributions from various levels of multiple sectors such as health, public works, and education would be essential to the program’s success. Consistent with the World Health Organization’s proclamation that the provision of safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are prerequisites for all public health endeavors, WASH-related efforts were woven into nearly all facets of the Afya Jijini program. IRC is a nonprofit located in the Netherlands focused on systems thinking approaches for sustainable WASH improvements. IRC’s 9 building blocks are tools to assist in breaking down the complexities of systems, identifying key actors and factors that contribute to sustainable improvements, and setting clear program indicators and targets for success. This conceptual manuscript seeks to explore the Afya Jijini program through the lens of the IRC’s building block approach to systems thinking. Examples of Afya Jijini programming aligned with each building block are presented to assist program planners and guide future interventions. Afya Jijini could have benefited from increased attention to several key building blocks, including institutions, finance, and learning and adaptation.

关键词： WASH Systems Thinking kenya Building Blocks of Sustainability

Bioefcacy and durability of Olyset® Plus, a permethrin and piperonyl butoxide-treated insecticidal net in a 3-year long trial in kenya

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2021年第6期10卷 16-26页

作者： Paul M.Gichuki Luna Kamau Kiambo Njagi Solomon Karoki Njoroge Muigai Damaris Matoke‑Muhia Nabie Bayoh Evan Mathenge Rajpal S.Yadav Eastern&Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control Kenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya School of Health Sciences Meru University of Science and TechnologyMeruKenya Centre for Biotechnol‑ogy Research and Development Kenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya Division of National Malaria Programme Ministry of HealthNairobiKenya Department of Health Kirinyaga CountyKirinyagaKenya Centre for Global Health Research Kenya Medical Research InstituteKisumuKenya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention KisumuKenya Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases World Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland

Background:Long-lasting insecticide nets(LLINs)are a core malaria intervention.LLINs should retain efficacy against mosquito vectors for a minimum of three years.Efficacy and durability of Olyset®Plus,a permethrin and piperonyl butoxide(PBO)treated LLIN,was evaluated versus permethrin treated Olyset®Net.In the absence of WHO guidelines of how to evaluate PBO nets,and considering the manufacturer’s product claim,Olyset®Plus was evaluated as a pyrethroid LLIN.Methods:This was a household randomized controlled trial in a malaria endemic rice cultivation zone of Kirinyaga County,kenya between 2014 and 2017.Cone bioassays and tunnel tests were done against Anopheles gambiae Kisumu.The chemical content,fabric integrity and LLIN survivorship were monitored.Comparisons between nets were tested for signifcance using the Chi-square test.Exact binomial distribution with 95%confdence intervals(95%CI)was used for percentages.The WHO efcacy criteria used were≥95%knockdown and/or≥80%mortality rate in cone bioassays and≥80%mortality and/or≥90%blood-feeding inhibition in tunnel tests.Results:At 36 months,Olyset®Plus lost 52%permethrin and 87%PBO content;Olyset®Net lost 24%permethrin.Over 80%of Olyset®Plus and Olyset®Net passed the WHO efcacy criteria for LLINs up to 18 and 12 months,respec‑tively.At month 36,91.2%Olyset®Plus and 86.4%Olyset®Net survived,while 72%and 63%developed at least one hole.The proportionate Hole Index(pHI)values representing nets in good,serviceable and torn condition were 49.6%,27.1%and 23.2%,respectively for Olyset®Plus,and 44.9%,32.8%and 22.2%,respectively for Olyset®Net but were not signifcantly diferent.Conclusions:Olyset®Plus retained efcacy above or close to the WHO efcacy criteria for about 2 years than Olyset®Net(1–1.5 years).Both nets did not meet the 3-year WHO efcacy criteria,and showed little attrition,comparable physical durability and survivorship,with 50%of Olyset®Plus having good and serviceable condition after 3 years.Better community education on appropriate use and upkeep of LLINs is es

关键词： Anopheles gambiae Bioefficacy Durability kenya Long-lasting insecticidal net Olyset®Net Olyset®Plus Permethrin Piperonyl butoxide

Challenges Faced by the kenya Water Sector Management in Improving Water Supply Coverage

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2018年第1期10卷 85-105页

作者： Chemeril Chepyegon Daisuke Kamiya Department of Civil Engineering University of the Ryukyus Nishihara Japan

Water is an important component in national development. Despite the efforts of the kenyan government to increase water coverage throughout the country so that economic development of the nation remains unimpeded, recent statistics show that the rate of water supply improvement is unlikely to support the nation’s long-term development goals. This paper examines literature, reports, studies and other relevant information regarding kenya’s water sector in order to expose the underlying causes of the challenges the sector management faces. It also analyses the interrelationships between the challenges and discusses opportunities for improvement. From the study, nine root causes of the challenges that are of technical, economic and social in nature were identified. As they evolve, they conjoin into other problem scenarios characterised by: unsustainability of water supply systems, low social acceptance of interventions, low investment in the sector and water-related conflicts. It is also observed that the sector management has opportunity for improving the current situation through adoption of elaborate monitoring strategies for water services and water resources, embracing sustainable technologies and involving target beneficiaries in water supply development. Great strides can be achieved by the sector through Adaptive Management (AM).

关键词： Water Sector Management Water Coverage Water Challenges Water Supply Improvement Adaptive Management kenya

Nutritional and Technological Characteristics of New Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Lines and Varieties Grown in Eastern kenya

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2020年第5期11卷 416-430页

作者： Peter K. Biama Abdul K. Faraj Christopher M. Mutungi Isaac N. Osuga Rose W. Kuruma

Protein sources in the diet of people living in semi-arid land of kenya are lacking and if available it is costly to them. In terms of safe food and a healthy food supply, cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata.) are a significant source of protein, carbohydrates, and minerals especially for poor populations in the kenya, it is said to be poor man’s meat. The aim of this study was to determine nutritional composition of newly bred ten cowpea lines and five varieties commonly grown in Eastern kenya of Kitui, Machakos and Makueni counties to understand their potential utilization in curbing rising food and nutrition insecurity in arid and semi-arid lands ASALs and in any other food applications in kenya. The experiment was arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) whereby proximate composition and minerals were determined using standard AOAC and AACC methods and technological characteristics checked using modified methods used by other researchers. Collected data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SAS (2006) version 9.1, mean separation was done using Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) method at 5% level of significance. Cowpeas composition ranged from 12.28% - 13.35% for moisture content, 49.37% - 55.74% for total carbohydrates, 2.99% - 3.34% for crude ash, 0.13% - 0.81% for crude lipids, 23.37% - 29.70% for crude protein and 1.40% - 4.34% for crude fibers. Cowpea samples recorded highest percentage of essential amino acids (60.71%) and non-essential amino acids (39.29%). Minerals ranged from 1.97 - 2.69 mg/100g for calcium, 3.23 - 3.90 mg/100g for magnesium, 205.53 - 223.30 mg/100g for sodium, 0.80 - 1.23 mg/100g for zinc, 1071.15 - 1152.62 mg/100g for potassium and 0.62 - 1.06 mg/100g for phosphorus. For technological properties, lines absorbed water equivalent to their weights and they were comparable to varieties grown in the region. From the results it showed that cowpea line IT97K-1042-3, TEXAN PINKIYE, TX123, IT85F-867-5, IT82D-889-1 and IT82D-889 have desirable attributes such as high

关键词： Cowpea Lines Varieties Eastern kenya Nutritional Technological Characteristics

Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Genetic Basis of Resistance of Klebsiella sppIsolated from Diarrheic and Non-Diarrheic Children at Health Facilities in Mukuru Informal Settlement, Nairobi, kenya

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Advances in Microbiology 2021年第10期11卷 554-578页

作者： Celestine Wanjiku Wairimu Eddy Okoth Odari Celestine Khalechi Makobe Samuel Kariuki Department of Medical Microbiology College of health Science Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Centre for Microbiology Research Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public health and particularly to children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistance of fecal Klebsiella spp on selected beta lactam (3rd generation cephalosporins and carbapenems) and fluoroquinolone classes of drugs in four health facilities serving the slum communities of Nairobi city in kenya. Additionally, determine the genetic basis for the multidrug resistance observed. A cross sectional laboratory based study was undertaken where a total of 1171 children below 16 years were selected, from whom stool samples were collected, tested and analyzed. 395 (33.73%) Klebsiella spp were isolated, consisting of 365 (92.4%) Klebsiella pneumoniae and 30 (7.6%) Klebsiella oxytoca were isolated. The proportion of multi-drug resistance (MDR) K. pneumoniae and MDR K. oxytoca was 64.1% (234/365) and 96.67% (29/30) respectively. Third generation cephalosporins, cefotaxime ceftriaxone and ceftazidime showed the highest resistance of 30.7%, 29.9% and 27.4% respectively, whereas carbapenems including imipenem and meropenem had the least resistance of 1.6%, each, to K. pneumoniae. A significant association was observed in diarrheic children (OR = 1.88;p = 0.01) and those below 50 months (OR = 0.43;p = 0.002) and carrying K. pneumoniae resistance to one or more third generation cephalosporins. Genes associated with resistance included bla TEM 100%, bla CTX-M 95.2%, bla SHV 57.1%, bla OXA-1 66.7%, qnrS 54.1%, qnrB 47.6% and bla NDM 7.1%. In conclusion, there’s need for more effective infection control measures, antimicrobial stewardship to reduce emergence of antimicrobial resistance, improved drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices.

关键词： Klebsiella Antimicrobial Resistance Carriage Community Children Slums kenya

Factors Associated with Occurrence of Peripheral Neuropathy among HIV/AIDS Clients at Kombewa Sub County Hospital of Kisumu County, kenya

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Open Journal of Nursing 2020年第7期10卷 665-675页

作者： Damian Otieno Opemo School of Nursing Kibabii University Bungoma Kenya

Peripheral Neuropathy (PN) commonly arises as HIV related nerve complication. The study made attempts to assess the underlying factors leading to peripheral neuropathy, the disabling effects of peripheral neuropathy on a patient’s life quality and measures which can be implemented to prevent or lessen the burdening effects of these neuropathies. A descriptive design was adopted where cross-sectional data targeting a sample of 100 consenting adult HIV/AIDS clients were collected utilizing structured questionnaires as key instruments of data collection. In this study variables such as age, height, the past and current CD4 lymphocytes, the viral load, the average duration of antiretroviral treatment (ART), use and the presence of certain co-infection, diabetes or alcohol abuse were analyzed to determine their effects of occurrence of peripheral neuropathy. Fifty eight percent (58%) of the clients were classified to be having neuropathic as compared 42% who did not have neuropathic pain. Duration of diagnosis with HIV and previous CD4 count did not significantly determine the occurrence of neuropathic pain. Viral load at time of diagnosis with HIV;nutritional uptake and HAART regimen significantly contribute to occurrence of PN among HIV/AIDS clients. There was no significant association between cases of peripheral neuropathy and demographic factors such as age, gender, height of the respondents and level of education. Clients with peripheral neuropathy were not receiving adequate health talks on peripheral neuropathy. Effect of PN on physical activity was observed. There is need for providing both medical and palliative treatment to HIV/AIDS patients suffering from peripheral neuropathy.

关键词： Peripheral Neuropathy HIV/AIDS kenya

Characteristics of Lactation Curves of the kenya Alpine Dairy Goats in Smallholder Farms

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2014年第2期4卷 92-102页

作者： Andrew Gitahi Marete Reuben Oyoo Mosi Joshua Oluoch Amimo Joseph Owino Jung’a Department of Animal Production University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya School of Agriculture Food Security and Biodiversity Bondo University College Bondo Kenya

Lactation curves are a graphical representation of the milk production profile of a doe from parturition to drying up. Their shape provides information about the productivity of the doe and offers a means of explaining features of the milk production patterns of each animal. A total of 2732 daily morning milk records from 610 does of the kenyan Alpine dairy goats’ genetic groups (50% Alpine, 75% Alpine, 87.5% Alpine and > 87.5% Alpine) and local goats (0% Alpine) kept in small-holder farms were used to evaluate factors affecting milk yield and to examine the characteristics of their lactation curve. A nonlinear mixed model was used to fit the lactation curves to all does simultaneously. The Wood’s (1967) equation was fitted within each genetic group and parity to generate genetic group and parity lactation curves. The mean lactation period was 218 ± 46 days and the model accounted for 88% of the total variation. Significant differences (P 87.5% Alpine genetic groups respectively. Genetic group did not significantly affect rate of increase to peak yield (P > 0.05) and rate of decline from peak (P > 0.05) or persistency (P > 0.05). Parity significantly affected rate of increase to peak, rate of decrease from peak and persistency (P kenya to take advantage of the fitness of indigenous breeds, the productivity of imported dairy breeds, heterosis, and the potential for selection within the composite to improve productivity in later generations.

关键词： kenya Alpine Dairy Goat Lactation Curve Smallholder Farms

Advocacy for Camel Research and Development in kenya

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Journal of Life Sciences 2013年第5期7卷 539-546页

作者： Kisa Juma Ngeiywa James Chomba Njanja Ministry of Livestock Development kenya Nairobi Kenya KARI (kenya Agricultural Research Institute) NVRC (National Veterinary Research Centre) Kikuyu Kenya

Interest in camel research and development in kenya started with identification of its untapped potential by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization in 1970s, while responding to droughts in Sahelian Africa, which influenced the Government of kenya to enhance its focus on economic returns from the camel. Concerted efforts of interest groups led to the founding of the kenya Camel Association in 1995 to lobby and articulate camel development issues for the betterment and wellbeing of camel keepers. Initial projects dealing in camel research and development implemented from the 1970s to 1980s in the arid and semi arid lands of kenya had varying successes and challenges. These projects demonstrated the unique adaptation of the camel to arid environments. The association"s advocacy work uses a holistic approach to share information widely and demonstrate practically aspects of camel management, through an annual forum. Consequently, this has attracted more interest groups focusing on camel research and development.

关键词： Advocacy camel development kenya research