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Bioefficacy and durability of Olyset?Plus, a permethrin and piperonyl butoxide-treated insecticidal net in a 3-year long trial in kenya

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贫困所致传染病(英文) 2021年第6期 16-26页

作者： Gichuki Paul M. Kamau Luna Njagi Kiambo Karoki Solomon Muigai Njoroge Matoke-Muhia Damaris Bayoh Nabie Mathenge Evan Yadav Rajpal S. Eastern & Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi kenya Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development Division of National Malaria Programme Ministry of Health Department of Health Kirinyaga County Kirinyaga Centre for Global Health Research Kisumu Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland

Background: Long-lasting insecticide nets (LLINs) are a core malaria intervention. LLINs should retain efficacy against mosquito vectors for a minimum of three years. Efficacy and durability of Olyset? Plus, a permethrin and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) treated LLIN, was evaluated versus permethrin treated Olyset? Net. In the absence of WHO guidelines of how to evaluate PBO nets, and considering the manufacturer’s product claim, Olyset? Plus was evaluated as a pyrethroid ***: This was a household randomized controlled trial in a malaria endemic rice cultivation zone of Kirinyaga County, kenya between 2014 and 2017. Cone bioassays and tunnel tests were done againstAnopheles gambiae Kisumu. The chemical content, fabric integrity and LLIN survivorship were monitored. Comparisons between nets were tested for significance using the Chi-square test. Exact binomial distribution with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) was used for percentages. The WHO efficacy criteria used were ≥ 95% knockdown and/or ≥ 80% mortality rate in cone bioassays and ≥ 80% mortality and/or ≥ 90% blood-feeding inhibition in tunnel ***: At 36 months, Olyset? Plus lost 52% permethrin and 87% PBO content; Olyset? Net lost 24% permethrin. Over 80% of Olyset? Plus and Olyset? Net passed the WHO efficacy criteria for LLINs up to 18 and 12 months, respectively. At month 36, 91.2% Olyset? Plus and 86.4% Olyset? Net survived, while 72% and 63% developed at least one hole. The proportionate Hole Index (pHI) values representing nets in good, serviceable and torn condition were 49.6%, 27.1% and 23.2%, respectively for Olyset? Plus, and 44.9%, 32.8% and 22.2%, respectively for Olyset? Net but were not significantly ***: Olyset? Plus retained efficacy above or close to the WHO efficacy criteria for about 2 years than Olyset? Net (1-1.5 years). Both nets did not meet the 3-year WHO efficacy criteria, and showed little attrition, comparable physical durability and survivorship, with

关键词： Anopheles gambiae Bioefficacy Durability kenya Long-lasting insecticidal net Olyset? Net Olyset? Plus Permethrin Piperonyl butoxide

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Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Actinomycetes from TB Smear Negative and Retreatment Patients in Nairobi, kenya

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2019年第8期7卷 1-12页

作者： Frida M. Njeru Perpetual Ndungu Christine Bii Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Centre for Microbiology Research Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya Department of Biomedical Sciences Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya

Actinomycetes are opportunistic pathogens in immunosuppressive patients. Pulmonary actinomycetes infections display symptoms that mimic Mycobacteria tuberculosis and can be misdiagnosed and treated as pulmonary TB. Actinomycetes can be co-infection with tuberculosis leading to delayed or inappropriate treatment. This study aimed to identify and determine antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Actinomycetes from the sputum of TB smear negative and re-treatment patients referred to TB reference facilities in kenya. Sputum specimens were collected and direct smears stained with Gram’s reagents. Culture was done on Mueller Hinton agar and incubated at 35°C for two weeks. Identification was done using phenotypic and biochemical procedures. Confirmation of the isolates was done using Polymerase Chain Reaction. A total of 52/385 (14%) Actinomycetes were isolated and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using broth microdilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. Nine antibiotics were tested which included: Amikacin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin, Clarithromycin, Linezolid, Doxycycline, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole and Gentamycin. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) was used as a control. Most of the isolates were susceptible to the test antibiotics. However, four isolates showed multidrug resistance to Ceftriaxone and Clarithromycin with resistance of 11.5% and 26.9% respectively. Gentamycin and Ciprofloxacin showed the highest susceptibility of 100% and 98.1% respectively. The findings of this study confirm that Actinomycetes are significant pathogens in TB smear-negative cases. Although most antibiotics were susceptible, resistance to few antibiotics was observed;hence, there is a need for proper screening of TB smear-negative cases to detect infections by Actinomycetes and also conduct the antimicrobial susceptibility test to determine which antibiotic is effective.

关键词： Actinomycetes Tuberculosis Antibiotics Resistance kenya

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Variation in Catechin Composition of Popularly Cultivated Tea Clones in East Africa (kenya)

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2013年第3期4卷 628-640页

作者： Leonida Cherotich Samson M. Kamunya Amos Alakonya Solomon W. Msomba Marie A. Uwimana John K. Wanyoko Phillip O. Owuor Department of Chemistry Maseno University Maseno Kenya Institute of Biotechnology Research (IBR) Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Office Des Cultures Industrielles du Rwanda The’ (OCIR The’) Kigali Rwanda Tea Research Foundation of kenya Kericho Kenya Tea Research Institute of Tanzania Dar Es Salaam Tanzania

Tea polyphenols and catechins have gained prominence in determination of tea quality. Tea leaves contain large amounts of catechins and their derivatives and these have shown positive effects on human health. An experiment was carried out to determine the level of catechins and polyphenols in 20 new clones found in two distinct tea growing areas. The trial comprising twenty clones was established in two distinct sites in kenya using randomized complete block design with three replicates and consisted of 10 popular cultivars widely cultivated in the Lake Victoria Basin and additional 10 newly improved clones. Tea leaf samples were collected across two seasons;dry and wet seasons. Tea quality parameters entailing catechins, caffeine and total polyphenols was generated for the 20 clones across the two seasons and sites. The ISO 14502-1 and ISO 14502-1:2005 procedures were used for polyphenol and catechin analyses, respectively. The ANOVA results generated indicated that the level of catechins and polyphenols in tea were significantly different (p 0.05) and varietal dependent. Generally, the assam varieties had higher levels of catechins and polyphenols than the chinary and cambod varieties, indicating why they are popularly cultivated in the East African region and whose tea quality is highly regarded. Furthermore, the results from principle component analysis (PCA) grouped the clones into three major clusters with one comprising of high quality assam varieties, a mixture of moderate quality assam, cambod and chinary varieties and low catechin content assam anthocyanin-rich variety. It is concluded that the level of catechins in tea plants are varietal dependent, although environmental stress has effects on the synthesis of flavanoids. The results demonstrated that the differences in the accumulation of catechins among the tea clones could be important for the discrimination of clonal diversity.

关键词： Tea Health Camellia sinensis Catechins Variation kenya

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Cyperus papyrus L. Growth Rate and Mortality in Relation to Water Quantity, Quality and Soil Characteristics in Nyando Floodplain Wetland, kenya

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Open Journal of Ecology 2016年第12期6卷 714-735页

作者： P. J. K. Rongoei N. O. Outa Department of Environmental Science Egerton University Njoro Kenya Department of Biological Sciences Egerton University Njoro Kenya

Cyperus papyrus (L.) growth rate and mortality is influenced by environmental conditions prevailing in the wetland. To assess growth dynamics of C. papyrus in relation to water depth and anthropogenic (exploitation) pressures, monthly and bi-monthly measurement of culm length and girth were done between June and December 2010 (period 1) and April to June 2011 (period 2). Three study sites were selected based on the water levels and livelihood-driven exploitation pressures. Surrogate measurements of individual culm height and girth were done in three 1 m2 quadrats in each site to determine the growth rate of papyrus. Water depth was lowest in period 2 (dry) and highest in period 1 (wet) which was related to the livelihood activities being highest in period two and lowest in period one. Culm mortality occurred throughout the study period with 64% due to natural senescing while insect/rodent accounted for 19%. Papyrus growth was higher in Singida (2.5 ± 0.2 cm/day) representing less disturbed site and least in Wasare (1.4 ± 0.1 cm/day) which was highly disturbed. Multiple regression models for culm length showed culm density, mean length and NH4 negatively influenced growth rate while site as a dummy variable, water depth, SRP and TP had positive effects on papyrus growth rate. Understanding growth rate and causes of mortality in papyrus is important to establish sustainable management strategies of this ecosystem to maintain its integrity.

关键词： Water Depth Density Multiple Regression Models Lake Victoria Wetlands kenya

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Does Reactive Adaptation Exist? Using the Ecosystem Service Governance Approach to Evaluate Post-Drought Rural Food Security in kenya

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Natural Resources 2014年第8期5卷 392-407页

作者： Grace W. Ngaruiya University of Hamburg Department of Geosciences Climate Change and Security Research Group Hamburg Germany

Controversial climate change studies purport that predicted food insecurity and resource scarcity will intensify resource conflicts in developing nations. This belief is based on a prevalent assumption that African agricultural production systems are rigid and that their respective governments lack comprehensive adaptation ability. Therefore, I investigate whether and how effective post- drought adaptation activity is sustaining food production and livelihoods at Loitoktok district in kenya. This study uses the theoretical three-step ecosystem service governance approach that analyzes both natural resources attributes and relational data. Results confirm a substantial decline in productivity and huge monetary losses in the agricultural sector of Loitoktok following the 2009 drought. Post-drought analysis reveals high diversification in crops and livestock that are drought-tolerant, fast maturing and high income generating such as camels, rabbits and dairy goats, horticultural and fruit production that sustain food security, income and local livelihoods. These reactive adaptation activities originate from an active public-private cooperation that promotes knowledge exchange among Loitoktok stakeholders. This cooperation is also seen in the efficient resource conflict resolution network. In conclusion, rural communities seem to be efficiently adapting to changing environmental conditions but require more financial and technical support from the government. Unfortunately, appraisal of national planned adaptation reveals effort-duplication that may divert much needed adaptation funds from being invested in research projects with multiple benefits to kenyan food producers.

关键词： Climate Adaptation Drought Impacts Food Security Knowledge Brokers Social Networks kenya

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Social capital and rural institutions in kenya Is Machakos unique？

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Chinese Business Review 2009年第10期8卷 1-18页

作者： Wilfred Nyangend Thomas Sterner School of Economics University of Nairobi Nairobi 00100 Kenya Department of Economics University of Goteborg Goteborg 40530 Sweden

In Eastern Africa, the experience of Machakos has been heavily debated between Malthusians and the more optimistic Boserupians. Machakos was the epitome of overpopulation and resource degradation in the 1950s, but has since thrived. The Boserupians view Machakos as an illustration of how population growth can solve rather than exacerbate the vicious cycle of poverty and resource degradation. The question arises whether Machakos is unique. This study investigates the role of social capital in Machakos. Using principal component analysis, the authors estimate various dimensions of social capital and find significant differences between Machakos and two other kenyan regions particularly when it comes to the formation of associations.

关键词： kenya regional differences soil conservation social capital principal components

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Population Status and Trend of the Maasai Ostrich in the Mid kenya—Tanzania Borderland

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Natural Resources 2016年第10期7卷 558-579页

作者： Moses Makonjio Okello John Warui Kiringe Lekishon Kenana Fiesta Warinwa Hanori Maliti Noah Wasilwa Sitati Erastus Kanga Samwel Bakari Stephen Ndambuki Philip Muruthi Nathan Gichohi Edeus Massawe David Kimutai Machoke Mwita Daniel Muteti SFS Center for Wildlife Management Nairobi Kenya Moi University Department of Tourism Eldoret Kenya kenya Wildlife Service Nairobi Kenya African Wildlife Foundation Nairobi Kenya Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Arusha Tanzania

The Maasai ostrich (Struthio camelus) is a the largest avian species in East Africa and though it’s not considered to be a species of conservation concern, some populations are on the decline and this is attributed to bush meat activities, predation on their eggs illegal consumption by humans, habitat destruction and forage competition with other large wildlife species. Climate change is also emerging to be another major threat due to interference with food availability which in turn interferes with the breeding rhythm. Thus, this study examined the population status, trend and distribution of the Maasai ostrich in the Southern kenya and Northern Tanzania borderland after the 2007 to 2009 drought. The results showed that the species was found across the entire borderland but the Amboseli region had the highest number and density of Maasai ostrich (726.00 ± 100.9;0.08 ± 0.01 ostriches per km2), followed by Lake Natron area (330.8 ± 69.8;0.05 ± 0.01 ostriches per km2) and the least was in West Kilimanjaro (85.5 ± 18.0;0.03 ± 0.01 ostriches per km2). Drought caused a decline in the population of the Maasai ostrich but the Amboseli area experienced the highest decline in density (?13.44 ± 12.61) compared to other borderland sectors. However, the populations increased in most sectors after the drought, and wet season numbers and densities were higher than the dry season. The highest positive increase in number and density was in Lake Natron area (+85.65 ± 91.06) followed by West Kilimanjaro (+68.39 ± 59.54), and the least was in the Magadi area (+22.26 ± 32.05). There is a need to enhance conservation of avian species like the Maasai ostrich other than just focusing on the charismatic species such as the African elephant and black rhino. We therefore recommend joint collaboration in monitoring all large wildlife populations across the kenya-Tanzania borderland with a view of understanding their status, trend and best management actions th

关键词： Borderland kenya Maasai Ostrich Population Trend and Status Tanzania

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Trace Element Concentrations in Some Traditional Diets Consumed in Selected Parts of Eastern Province of kenya

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2012年第7期3卷 617-623页

作者： David M. Maina Lydia W. Njenga John M. Onyari Benjamin N. Kyalo Department of Chemistry School of Physical Sciences University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

Dietary quality is vital in maintaining sound nutritional status. The ecological conditions thus influence the type of diets and their nutritional quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the trace element/mineral content of some of the commonly consumed diets in Machakos, Kitui, Makueni and Mwingi districts. Decorticated maize, beans and finger millet flour samples were purchased from the local markets. For each category, a total of ten samples were collected from each district. The samples were put in plastic bags, sealed and transported to the laboratory in the Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology, University of Nairobi for preparation and analysis. The cooking of the samples was carried out according to local traditional methods. In the decorticated samples, mean copper concentrations were observed to be below 20 μg·g-1;mean zinc concentrations ranged from 34 to 63 μg·g-1 and mean manganese concentrations were in a similar range of 34 to 78 μg·g-1. The mean iron concentrations were significantly high with a range of 161 μg·g-1 to 287 μg·g-1. A similar trend was observed in the beans where the mean copper concentrations varied from 11 to 33 μg·g-1, mean zinc concentrations ranged from a low value of 24 μg·g-1 to a high value of 35 μg·g-1, mean manganese concentrations varied from 33 μg·g-1 to 98 μg·g-1 and the mean iron concentrations ranged from 227 μg·g-1 to 647 μg·g-1. The cooked Muthokoi samples from Machakos district had relatively high mean trace element concentrations: manganese—109 μg·g-1;iron—280 μg·g-1;copper—19 μg·g-1;and zinc—41 μg·g-1. The only exception was mean iron concentrations which were extremely high in samples from Mwingi District where the concentrations varied from 73 μg·g-1 to 1597 μg·g-1. In finger millet flour, the mean manganese concentrations varied from 95 to 290 μg·g-1, whereas the mean iron concentrations ranged from 127 μg·g-1 to 259 μg·g-1. In contrast, the mean copper and zinc concentrations were low in compariso

关键词： Trace Elements Diets Semi-Arid kenya

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Nutritional and Technological Characteristics of New Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>) Lines and Varieties Grown in Eastern kenya

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2020年第5期11卷 416-430页

作者： Peter K. Biama Abdul K. Faraj Christopher M. Mutungi Isaac N. Osuga Rose W. Kuruma Dairy and Food Science and Technology Department Egerton University Nakuru Kenya International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Dar es Salaam Tanzania Department Animal Science School of Natural Resource and Animal Sciences Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) Katumani Kenya

Protein sources in the diet of people living in semi-arid land of kenya are lacking and if available it is costly to them. In terms of safe food and a healthy food supply, cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata.) are a significant source of protein, carbohydrates, and minerals especially for poor populations in the kenya, it is said to be poor man’s meat. The aim of this study was to determine nutritional composition of newly bred ten cowpea lines and five varieties commonly grown in Eastern kenya of Kitui, Machakos and Makueni counties to understand their potential utilization in curbing rising food and nutrition insecurity in arid and semi-arid lands ASALs and in any other food applications in kenya. The experiment was arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) whereby proximate composition and minerals were determined using standard AOAC and AACC methods and technological characteristics checked using modified methods used by other researchers. Collected data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SAS (2006) version 9.1, mean separation was done using Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) method at 5% level of significance. Cowpeas composition ranged from 12.28% - 13.35% for moisture content, 49.37% - 55.74% for total carbohydrates, 2.99% - 3.34% for crude ash, 0.13% - 0.81% for crude lipids, 23.37% - 29.70% for crude protein and 1.40% - 4.34% for crude fibers. Cowpea samples recorded highest percentage of essential amino acids (60.71%) and non-essential amino acids (39.29%). Minerals ranged from 1.97 - 2.69 mg/100g for calcium, 3.23 - 3.90 mg/100g for magnesium, 205.53 - 223.30 mg/100g for sodium, 0.80 - 1.23 mg/100g for zinc, 1071.15 - 1152.62 mg/100g for potassium and 0.62 - 1.06 mg/100g for phosphorus. For technological properties, lines absorbed water equivalent to their weights and they were comparable to varieties grown in the region. From the results it showed that cowpea line IT97K-1042-3, TEXAN PINKIYE, TX123, IT85F-867-5, IT82D-889-1 and

关键词： Cowpea Lines Varieties Eastern kenya Nutritional Technological Characteristics

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Genetic Basis of Resistance of <i>Klebsiella spp</i>Isolated from Diarrheic and Non-Diarrheic Children at Health Facilities in Mukuru Informal Settlement, Nairobi, kenya

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Advances in Microbiology 2021年第10期11卷 554-578页

作者： Celestine Wanjiku Wairimu Eddy Okoth Odari Celestine Khalechi Makobe Samuel Kariuki Department of Medical Microbiology College of health Science Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Centre for Microbiology Research Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public health and particularly to children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistance of fecal Klebsiella spp on selected beta lactam (3rd generation cephalosporins and carbapenems) and fluoroquinolone classes of drugs in four health facilities serving the slum communities of Nairobi city in kenya. Additionally, determine the genetic basis for the multidrug resistance observed. A cross sectional laboratory based study was undertaken where a total of 1171 children below 16 years were selected, from whom stool samples were collected, tested and analyzed. 395 (33.73%) Klebsiella spp were isolated, consisting of 365 (92.4%) Klebsiella pneumoniae and 30 (7.6%) Klebsiella oxytoca were isolated. The proportion of multi-drug resistance (MDR) K. pneumoniae and MDR K. oxytoca was 64.1% (234/365) and 96.67% (29/30) respectively. Third generation cephalosporins, cefotaxime ceftriaxone and ceftazidime showed the highest resistance of 30.7%, 29.9% and 27.4% respectively, whereas carbapenems including imipenem and meropenem had the least resistance of 1.6%, each, to K. pneumoniae. A significant association was observed in diarrheic children (OR = 1.88;p = 0.01) and those below 50 months (OR = 0.43;p = 0.002) and carrying K. pneumoniae resistance to one or more third generation cephalosporins. Genes associated with resistance included bla TEM 100%, bla CTX-M 95.2%, bla SHV 57.1%, bla OXA-1 66.7%, qnrS 54.1%, qnrB 47.6% and bla NDM 7.1%. In conclusion, there’s need for more effective infection control measures, antimicrobial stewardship to reduce emergence of antimicrobial resistance, improved drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices.

关键词： Klebsiella Antimicrobial Resistance Carriage Community Children Slums kenya

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