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Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering 2019年第4期7卷 360-372页

作者： Benjamin SOSI Justus BARONGO Albert GETABU Samson MAOBE Department of Natural Resources Egerton UniversityKisii 408Kenya Department of Geology University of NairobiNairobi 30344Kenya epartment of Natural Resources Kisii UniversityKisii 408Kenya

Groundwater yield in the kenya Rift is highly unsustainable owing to geological variability.In this study,field hydraulic characterization was performed by using geoelectric approaches.The relations between electrical-hydraulic(eh)conductivities were modeled hypothetically and calibrated empirically.Correlations were based on the stochastic models and field-scale hydraulic parameters were contingent on pore-level parameters.By considering variation in pore-size distributions over eh conduction interval,the relations were scaled-up for use at aquifer-level.Material-level electrical conductivities were determined by using Vertical Electrical Survey and hydraulic conductivities by analyzing aquifer tests of eight boreholes in the Olbanita aquifer located in kenya rift.VES datasets were inverted by using the computer code IP2Win.The main result is that ln T=0.537(ln Fa)+3.695;the positive gradient indicating eh conduction through pore-surface networks and a proxy of weathered and clayey materials.An inverse(1/F-K)correlation is observed.Hydraulic parameters determined using such approaches may possibly contribute significantly towards sustainable yield management and planning of groundwater resources.

关键词： Electrical and hydraulic conductivity model Weathered-fractured aquifer system Olbanita kenya rift

Preference and adoption of Farmer Field School (FFS) Prosopis juliflora management practices: Experiences in Baringo District, kenya

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Forestry Studies in China 2012年第4期14卷 283-290页

作者： Eunice NJOROGE Peter SIRMAH Francis MBURU Eric KOECH Mugo MWARE Josiah CHEPKWONY School of Natural Resource Management Moi University School of Natural Resource Management Kabianga University

This research was carried out to evaluate the preference and adoption of harvesting, uprooting, stump burning, pruning and thinning practices for controlling the spread ofProsopisjuliflora （prosopis） within Marigat Division of the Baringo District, kenya. A survey methodology was employed using a random sample of 25 Farmer Field School （FFS） members and 5 non=FFS members from each of the five locations of Marigat Division. In total, 100 FFS members and 25 non-FFS members participated in the study; addi- tional supplementary data were collected from the kenya Forestry Research Institute （KEFRI）, a major facilitator and trainer of the identified FFS activities and practices in the study area since 2004. More than 80% of the local community never undertook any form of prosopis management practice; however, this changed after FFS training, indicating an acquisition and retention of knowledge which probably diffused to the non-FFS counterparts, through either formal or informal ways. Harvesting was the most preferred （100%） and stump burning the least preferred （46%） practice of managing the spread of prosopis. The success and preference of any prosopis management practice was attributed to wood and non-wood benefits derived from prosopis and growing of animal fodder and food crops on rehabilitated land. More than 80% of respondents attributed ineffectiveness of any prosopis management practice to coppicing and viable seed banks of the tree, while 50% highlighted a lack of consistency and integration in carrying out manage- ment practices. The reported negative attitude towards prosopis changed after training with none of the view to eradicate it. Labor intensity and frequent regeneration of seedlings were identified as the major challenges faced during the implementation of proso- pis management practices. In conclusion, the study shows that harvesting, uprooting, stump burning, pruning and thinning realized through consistent holistic integration contribute to containing the spread of prosopis trees in Baringo, Keny

关键词： Prosopisjuliflora Farmer Field School management practices Baringo kenya

Reforming the kenya Consumer Protection Law

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Reforming the Kenya Consumer Protection Law

作者： Hosea Rutto Kilimo 华东政法大学

学位级别：硕士

国际贸易的显著增长加大了保护全球供应链关键环节的必要性。商品和服务的消费者。肯尼亚等国家通过颁布国内立法和批准关于消费者保护的国际文书,大幅调整了法律,以促进消费者保护制度。肯尼亚的国内法是根据联合国准则制定的。这份研... 详细信息

国际贸易的显著增长加大了保护全球供应链关键环节的必要性。商品和服务的消费者。肯尼亚等国家通过颁布国内立法和批准关于消费者保护的国际文书,大幅调整了法律,以促进消费者保护制度。肯尼亚的国内法是根据联合国准则制定的。这份研究文件的目的是评估《宪法》中规定的消费者保护制度以及从该国最高法律衍生出来的大量附属立法。批判性地深入研究冲突挑战,并探索其在振兴肯尼亚消费者市场和保护制度方面的相应未来前景。本研究还试图促进关于消费者保护的法理学辩论,并将其与法院和法定机构的做法进行对比,这些机构负责管理,肯尼亚的市场和各种商业活动。就消费者权利的神圣性而言,国家对市场的政策、法律和监督作用是否可以被描述为无懈可击和可靠的海军力量。可以说肯尼亚消费者通过其众多机构得到了国家的充分保护吗?它进一步努力询问和回答这样一个问题,即消费者保护与肯尼亚作为国际通信可行目的地的预测之间是否存在联系商业监管和采购。更重要的是,这项研究的主旨是批判性地评估消费者保护的普遍状况和标准,并在多大程度上将肯尼亚的做法与联合王国的做法进行比较,肯尼亚将其法律和司法遗产归功于联合王国。肯尼亚法律的核心是英国,因此她的法律在形式、文字和精神上都可以被描述为盎格鲁-撒克逊。这将涉及肯尼亚可以从英国汲取的关键见解的推断,以振兴其自身的保护体系。本文假定,虽然可以提出许多理由来加强肯尼亚新生的消费者保护制度,但自其在古代诞生以来,就可以作为本文论述的主旨。正在获得的或现有的法律框架充满了令人不快的遗漏,没有任何可解读的进步哲学,因此,正是在这方面,因此,本文为肯尼亚消费者保护的整体架构改革提供了令人信服的理由。本文讨论的各种主题在五个章节中得到了强调。

关键词： Consumer Protection legislation kenya Market Trade

SOIL DEGRADATION IN A SEMI-ARID ENVIRONMENT IN kenya:THE MUKOGODO CATCHMENT CASE STUDY

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干旱区资源与环境 1993年第Z1期7卷 59-60页

作者： S.N.WANJOGU DR.J.P.MBUVI kenya Soil Survey P.O.Box 14733NairobiUniversity of NairobiP.O.Box 30197Nairobi

The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of soil erosion on the physicaland chemical characteristics and the fertility status of the soils of the catchment and to alsostudy the soil properties that have accelerated the formation and the development of gulliesand tunnels in this area. This catchment of study covers 252 hectares and the major soils covering the area

关键词： kenya Semiarid Land Soil Degradation

Analysis of Trends in Resistance to Fluoroquinolones and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactams among <i>Salmonella</i>Typhi Isolates Obtained from Patients at Four Outpatient Clinics in Nairobi County, kenya

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Advances in Microbiology 2018年第7期8卷 578-588页

作者： Susan Mutile Kavai Mourine Kangogo Anne W. T. Muigai Samuel Kariuki Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Department of Medical Microbiology Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Department of Botany Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Centre for Microbiology Research Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya

Typhoid fever caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) causes an estimated 25 million illnesses and approximately 200,000 deaths annually mostly in developing countries. Although the management of typhoid fever has been effectively through antibiotic treatment, S. Typhi is increasingly becoming resistant to the currently recommended drugs. This study utilized a quasi-experimental design focusing on archived samples to describe antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of S. Typhi and determine the genetic basis of resistance to the two most commonly used classes of antimicrobials. A total sample size of 287 isolates of S. Typhi isolates stored in -80°C freezer at the Centre for Microbiology Research was utilized. Isolates were subjected to anti-microbial susceptibility testing to commonly available antimicrobials using disk diffusion method, then analyzed for trends in resistance to fluoroquinolones and extended spectrum beta lactams. Among the 287 isolates 158 (55.5%) were found to be Multi Drug Resistant (MDR). This implied that these isolates were resistant to all first line classes of treatment such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole-trimethroprim. In addition to this, these isolates were also resistant to at least one of the currently recommended drugs of choice, either a β-lactam or a fluoroquinolone. This study observed resistances at 18.2% and 15.4% to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins respectively. PCR results revealed presence of blaTEM, blaINT and blaCTX-M genes coding for resistance to β-lactams in 80% of the isolates that had combined resistance to β-lactams and fluoroquinolones. It is likely that recent heavy use of these classes of antimicrobials is driving resistances to these antimicrobials.

关键词： Resistance Trends Salmonella Typhi β-Lactams Flouroquinolones Nairobi County kenya

Sclerotia Formation and Toxin Production in Large Sclerotial Aspergillus flavus Isolates from kenya

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Advances in Microbiology 2016年第1期6卷 47-56页

作者： S. A. Okoth B. Nyongesa V. Joutsjoki H. Korhonen V. Ayugi E. K. Kang’ethe School of Biological Sciences University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Natural Resources Institute Finland Jokioinen Finland Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

We studied the relationship between sclerotia formation and aflatoxin production by Aspergillusflavus strains isolated from maize kernels from Nandi County. Isolates recovered from maize kernels were tested for their ability to form sclerotia on different growth media. PCR analysis was done on the isolates to detect 2 structural genes, aflD and aflQ, involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway. Positive A. flavus isolates for one or both genes were grown on Yeast Extract Sucrose Agar medium and aflatoxins quantified using LCMSMS. All the isolates formed large sclerotia and their formation was influenced by media type but could not be related to amount of aflatoxins produced both in vivo and in vitro. Though sclerotia are perennating structures and so contribute to survival index of a fungus, their initiation is regulated by external factors though ability to form is genetic. This brings ambiguity of their presence or abundance as a measure of toxicity.

关键词： Sclerotia Aflatoxins Maize kenya Aspergillus flavus

Determinants of inequality in health care seeking for childhood illnesses:insights from Nairobi informal settlements

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Global Health Journal 2022年第4期6卷 198-203页

作者： Nicholas Ngomi Christopher Khayeka-Wandabwa Thaddaeus Egondi Pamela AMarinda Tilahun Nigatu Haregu School of Pure and Applied Health Sciences Murang'a University of TechologyP.O.Box 75-10200MurangaKenya Laboratory of Genetics Wageningen University&Research6700 HB WageningenNetherlands Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative(DNDi) P.O.Box 21936-00505NairobiKenya Department of Food Science and Nutrition School of Agricultural Sciencesthe University of ZambiaLusakaZambia Nossal Institute for Global Health Melbourne School of Population and Global Healththe University of MelbourneMelbourne 3000Australia

Background:An in-depth understanding of patterns of inequities in healthcare seeking among the urban residents is critical in identifying appropriate interventions strategies.The study evaluates determinants of inequality in health care seeking for childhood illnesses among informal settlement residents in Nairobi,kenya.Methods:Data from the second Nairobi Cross-Sectional Slum Survey(NCSS 2012)was examined.The inequality in seeking health care for childhood diarrhea as the prototype illness was assessed using concentration index(CI).The wealth index based on the household possessions and amenities was used as a measure for socioeconomic status.Results:A total of 2027 qualified women were included in this study.About 16.6% of children born of younger mothers aged<20 years had diarrhea and a similar proportion of children(16.3%)was observed among mothers who were unemployed.The CI of-0.026 on health care seeking for diarrhea among children points to significant inequality among the urban poor(95% confidence interval:-0.028 to-0.023).Conclusion:Occupation of parents,age of mothers,ethnicity,marital status and children's age were major deter-minants with regard to disease outcome and to a broader extent inequality in health care seeking for childhood illnesses.Enhanced bottom top community health invigoration strategies in health information awareness and services access would be instrumental.

关键词： Diarrhea Childhood illnesses Socio-economic status Informal settlement kenya

Noise Pollution Mapping Using GIS in Nairobi, kenya

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2015年第5期7卷 486-493页

作者： Enock Abe Wawa Galcano Canny Mulaku Department of Geospatial and Space Technology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya

Noise is any sound that causes physiological uneasiness to the ear. People in many environments today, especially urban ones, are exposed to such noise without realizing its potential danger to their healthy hearing. This situation is largely contributed to by the little attention that most governments, especially in the developing countries, pay to noise as a pollution issue. This paper describes a study that aimed at measuring the noise levels at selected points in Nairobi’s CBD with a view to generate a noise map over the study area in addition to identifying areas of high noise intensity or noise hot spots. The study found that noise levels, on average, varied from 61 db to 78 db, increasing from the west to the east of the CBD, and emanated mainly from vehicular traffic;several noise hotspots were also identified, and they are located mainly to the east of the CBD. The paper concludes that although the study was not city-wide, the noise levels observed are high enough to warrant further research and action by the environmental authorities.

关键词： Noise Pollution Hot Spots Nairobi kenya

Community Normal Reference Values for CD3+, CD4+, CD8+T Lymphocytes and Leucocytes among Immunocompetent Adults in Coastal kenya

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2019年第1期7卷 99-114页

作者： Shadrack A. Yonge Michael F. Otieno Rekha R. Sharma Sarah S. Nteka Department of Environment and Health Sciences Technical University of Mombasa Mombasa Kenya Department of Community Health Kenyatta University Kahawa Nairobi County Kenya Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences Kenyatta University Kahawa Nairobi County Kenya Department of Zoological Sciences Kenyatta University Kahawa Nairobi County Kenya Department of Medical Laboratory Coast General Hospital Mombasa Kenya

Background: Studies on the reference values of CD4 and CD3 T cells in healthy individuals have continued to gain significance because of the importance of these immunological markers in the initiation of antiretroviral therapy and prophylactic drugs for opportunistic infections. These ranges tend to vary across populations. The CD4:CD8 ratio is used to measure of how balanced immune function is. Therefore, this study aimed at determining normal reference values for CD4+ and CD3+T-lymphocytes and leucocytes in healthy adults in Coastal kenya. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried between May 2015 and February 2016 in Coast General Referral hospital, Tudor, Port-Reitz, Mlaleo, Likoni and Sub-County hospitals. Participants were recruited from voluntary HIV counselling and testing clinics. Patients were counselled for HIV test and those who consented were tested for HIV. They were screened for diseases that potentially cause lymphocyte homeostasis perturbation. CD4+, CD3+ CD8+cells/μl were analyzed using a BD FACSCount flow cytometer (Becton-Dickson, NJ). Results: We enrolled 500 participants, two hundred and forty (48.0%) were males and two hundred and sixty (52.0) females. The mean CD4 cell count was 1054.9 ± 95% CI 1041.2 - 1068.6 cells/mm3, absolute CD8 was 688.4 ± 95% CI 679.1 - 697.7 cells/mm3, absolute CD3 cell count was 1945.1 ± 95% CI 1907.4 - 1982.2 cells/mm3 absolute leukocyte count 5.19 ± 95% CI 5.12 - 5.19, absolute lymphocyte count 1.85 ± 95% CI1.83 - 1.88 and haemoglobin level 12.76 ± 95% CI 12.65 - 12.87. Females had significantly higher mean CD4 and CD8 T cell counts than males (p < 0.05). The mean values of white blood cells 4.7 (3.0 - 7.9) × 109/l, platelets 239 (77 - 353) × 109/l and erythrocytes 4.65 (3.51 - 5.40) × 109 were significantly higher in males than females (p Conclusion: Immunohaematological markers found in this study were different from the standard values for the western countries. Females had significantly higher mean CD4+T and CD3+T cell counts but lower mean haemoglobin le

关键词： CD3 & CD4 Count Range T-Lymphocyte kenya

4th National Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance Survey in kenya

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Journal of Health Science 2017年第6期5卷 282-291页

作者： Joseph Sitienei Kamene Kimenye Josephine Wahogo Bernard Langat Enos Masini Obadiah Njuguna Jane Ong'ang'o Sophie Matu Jeremiah Okari Maurice Maina Margret Mburu Herman Weyenga Jane Mwangi Lucy Nganga Agnes Langat Abraham Katana Hillary Kipruto Joel Kangangi Division of Leprosy Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Department of Disease Prevention and Control Ministry of Health Nairobi 20781 Kenya kenya Medical Research Institute [KEMRI] Centre for Respiratory Diseases Research Nairobi 20781 Kenya National TB Reference Laboratory Department of Disease Prevention and Control Ministry of Health Nairobi 20781 Kenya United States Agency for International Development [USAID] Department of Population and Health Kenya and East Africa Office Nairobi 20781 Kenya U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] Nairobi 20781 Kenya Worm Health Organization [WHO] Kenya Country Office Nairobi 20781 Kenya

Introduction: Recently rapid development of drug resistant TB, particularly MDR TB (Multi Drug Resistant TB) and XDRTB (Extensively Drug-Resistant TB) possess a major threat to control of tuberculosis globally. Information on the extent of MDR-TB from kenya is largely limited due to several factors. Monitoring of development of resistance is a vital tool in providing critical information for effective planning for TB control and in management of patients infected with TB. Methods: Cross-sectional with cluster design. Results: A total of 2,171 participants recruited into the study from 50 selected clusters. Prevalence of rifampicin resistance for new cases was 1.3% [95% CI, 0.8-2.0] and INH resistance was 5.5% [95% CI, 4.5-6.7]. MDR TB was found in 0.67% of new cases and 2.1% amongst previously treated TB cases. Discussion: Resistance to isoniazid in kenya has been on the decline due to introduction of rifampicin in combined therapy. There was increase of MDR TB among new cases by 24% and decline in previously treated cases due to lethal impact of HIV. Conclusions: Although drug resistance TB is a growing problem in kenya, resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin MDR TB is less than previously estimated. The country should continue to monitor drug resistance and ensure effective use of anti TB medicines.

关键词： Multi drug resistant TB Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance kenya