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Discovery of novel DNA viruses in small mammals from Kenya

Virologica Sinica 2022年第4期37卷 491-502页

作者： Griphin Ochieng Ochola Bei Li Vincent Obanda Sheila Ommeh Harold Ochieng Xing-Lou Yang Samson Omondi Onyuok Zheng-Li Shi Bernard Agwanda Ben Hu CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety Wuhan Institute of VirologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China Sino-Africa Joint Research Center Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430074China Mammalogy Section National Museums of KenyaNairobi40658-00100Kenya University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China Veterinary Services Department Kenya Wildlife ServiceNairobi40241-00100Kenya Institute of Biotechnology Research Jomo Kenyatta University of Science and TechnologyNairobi62000-00200Kenya

Emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases of wildlife origin have led pre-emptive pathogen surveillances in animals to be a public health priority.Rodents and shrews are among the most numerically abundant vertebrate taxa and are known as natural hosts of important zoonotic viruses.Many surveillance programs focused more on RNA viruses.In comparison,much less is known about DNA viruses harbored by these small mammals.To fill this knowledge gap,tissue specimens of 232 animals including 226 rodents,five shrews and one hedgehog were collected from 5 counties in Kenya and tested for the presence of DNA viruses belonging to 7 viral families by PCR.Diverse DNA sequences of adenoviruses,adeno-associated viruses,herpesviruses and polyomaviruses were detected.Phylogenetic analyses revealed that most of these viruses showed distinction from previously described viruses and formed new clusters.Furthermore,this is the first report of the discovery and full-length genome characterization of a polyomavirus in Lemniscomys species.This novel polyomavirus,named Ls Py V KY187,has less than 60%amino acid sequence identity to the most related Glis glis polyomavirus 1 and Sciurus carolinensis polyomavirus 1 in both large and small T-antigen proteins and thus can be putatively allocated to a novel species within Betapolyomavirus.Our findings help us better understand the genetic diversity of DNA viruses in rodent and shrew populations in Kenya and provide new insights into the evolution of those DNA viruses in their small mammal reservoirs.It demonstrates the necessity of ongoing pathogen discovery studies targeting rodent-borne viruses in East Africa.

关键词： Kenya DNA viruses Rodents Shrews Polyomavirus

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Local tips, global impact: community-driven measures as avenues of promoting inclusion in the control of neglected tropical diseases: a case study in Kenya

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2022年第4期11卷 81-90页

作者： Elizabeth A.Ochola Diana M.S.Karanja Susan J.Elliott Department of Geography and Environmental Management University ofWaterlooWaterlooONCanada

Background:Neglected tropical diseases(NTDs)affect poor populations with little or no’’political voice’to influence control activities.While most NTDs have interventions that work,the biggest challenge remains in delivering targeted interventions to affected populations residing in areas experiencing weak health systems.Despite the upward development trends in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa(SSA),the healthcare worker to population ratio remains exceptionally low,with some areas not served at all;thus,there is a need to involve other personnel for school and community-based healthcare approaches.Nonetheless,the current community-based programs suffer from inconsistent community participation due to a lack of coordinated response,and an expanded intervention agenda that lacks context-specific solutions applicable to rural,urban,and marginalized areas.Methods:This research investigated the capacity of local communities to address the burden of NTDs.Informed by the social theory of human capability,the research collected primary qualitative data by conducting key informant interviews and focus group discussions of people infected or affected by NTDs.The interview data were collected and transcribed verbatim for thematic analysis using Nvivo version 12.Results:Our findings reveal,first,a need for intersectoral collaboration between governments and affected populations for inclusive and sustainable NTD solutions.Second,a’’bottom-up’approach that enhances capacity building,sensitization,and behaviour change for improved uptake of NTD interventions.Third,the enforcement of Public Health Legislative Acts that mandates the reporting and treatment of NTDs such as leprosy.Fourth,the establishment of support groups and counseling services to assist persons suffering from debilitating and permanent effects of NTDs.Conclusions:Our research demonstrates the importance of human agency in encouraging new forms of participation leading to the co-production of inclusive and sustainable solutions against NTDs.

关键词： Neglected tropical diseases Control Community-driven measure Local solution Global impact Inclusion Kenya

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Nurses’ and midwives’ participation and utilization of health-related research in Kenya: Implications for evidence-based practice

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International Journal of Nursing Sciences 2023年第2期10卷 199-205页

作者： Daniel M.Nzengya Albanus K.Mutisya Miriam C.A.Wagoro Molly Secor-Turner Joan Edwards Research and Innovation St.Paul’s UniversityLimuruKenya School of Nursing Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture&TechnologyNairobiKenya Department of Nursing Sciences University of NairobiNairobiKenya Mark and Robyn Jones College of Nursing Montana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA Nelda C.Stark College of Nursing Texas Woman's UniversityHoustonTXUSA

Objective To assess the level of participation of nurses and midwives in health-related research,determine the status of utilization of research to inform nursing and midwifery practice in Kenya,and explore perspectives of nurses and midwives about strategies to empower nurses/midwives to engage in health research in Kenya.Methods Data were extracted from online survey responses of 156 nurse and midwife educators,practitioners,and managers/administrators.SPSS version 26 was used to analyze quantitative data;qualitative data were analyzed using Excel to organize data into categories.Results Over one-third of participants reported ever publishing research(37.2%,58/156).Participants reported using knowledge gained in nursing school to guide practice most frequently(n=148).Utilization of research findings to guide practice was reported by 80.3%(110/137)of participants.Strategies to enhance participation in the research included research training,research forums,policy reforms,and emphasis on research in curricula.Conclusions There is need to intensify and prioritize proposed strategies to empower nurses/midwives to engage in health research.

关键词： Evidence-based practice Kenya Midwifery Nurses Research

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Characterization of tungiasis infection and morbidity using thermography in Kenya revealed higher disease burden during COVID-19 school closures

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023年第2期12卷 120-121页

作者： Lynne Elson Abneel K.Matharu Naomi Riithi Paul Ouma Francis Mutebi Hermann Feldmeier Jürgen Krücken Ulrike Fillinger KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme Kilifi Kenya Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford UK International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology Human Health Theme Nairobi Kenya College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity Makerere University Kampala Uganda Institute of Microbiology Infectious Diseases and Immunology Charité University Medicine Berlin Germany Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany

Background Tungiasis is a neglected tropical skin disease caused by the sand flea Tunga penetrans.Female fleas penetrate the skin,particularly at the feet,and cause severe inflammation.This study aimed to characterize disease burden in two highly affected regions in Kenya,to test the use of thermography to detect tungiasis-associated inflammation and to create a new two-level classification of disease severity suitable for mapping,targeting,and monitoring interventions.Methods From February 2020 to April 2021,3532 pupils age 8–14 years were quasi-randomly selected in 35 public primary schools and examined for tungiasis and associated symptoms.Of the infected pupils,266 were quasi-randomly selected and their households visited,where an additional 1138 family members were examined.Inflammation was assessed using infra-red thermography.A Clinical score was created combining the number of locations on the feet with acute and chronic symptoms and infra-red hotspots.Results The overall prevalence of tungiasis among all the school pupils who were randomly selected during survey rounds 1 and 3 was 9.3%[95%confidence interval(CI):8.4–10.3].Based on mixed effects logistic models,the odds of infection with tungiasis among school pupils was three times higher in Kwale(coastal Kenya)than in Siaya[western Kenya;adjusted odds ratio(aOR)=0.36,95%CI:0.18–0.74];three times higher in males than in females(aOR=3.0,95%CI:2.32–3.91)and three times lower among pupils sleeping in a house with a concrete floor(aOR=0.32,95%CI:0.24–0.44).The odds of finding an infected person among the household population during surveys before the COVID-19 pandemic was a third(aOR=0.32,95%CI:0.19–0.53)of that when schools were closed due to COVID-19 restrictions and approximately half(aOR=0.44,95%CI:0.29–0.68)in surveys done after school re-opening(round 3).Infection intensity was positively correlated with inflammation as measured by thermography(Spearman’s rho=0.68,P<0.001)and with the clinical score(rho=0.86,P<0.001).Based on the two-level classificati

关键词： Tungiasis Neglected tropical diseases Thermography Morbidity Child COVID-19 Kenya

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FAIR Equivalency, Regulatory Framework and Adoption Potential of FAIR Guidelines in Health in Kenya

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Data Intelligence 2022年第4期4卷 852-866,1035,1039-1040,1052页

作者： Ester Thea Inau Reginald Nalugala William Muhadi Nandwa Fredrick Obwanda Antony Wachira Antonio Cartaxo Universitätsmedizin Greifswald D-17475 GreifswaldGermany Tangaza University College P.O.Box 15055Karen Nairobi Code 00509Kenya Pumwani Hospital 968100200 Nairobi KenyaKenya VODAN Africa Kenya Strathmore University P.O.Box 32243-00600Ngara RdNairobiKenya Leiden University 2311 EZthe Netherlands

This study explored the regulatory framework in Kenya that may facilitate the implementation of the FAIR Guidelines in health research, as well as the possibility of adopting the FAIR Guidelines at the national level. Fourteen key documents pivotal to the emerging digital health sector in Kenya were identified and analysed using a comprehensive coding and labelling approach based on a binary system for whether or not they mention the FAIR Guidelines or terms and vocabulary related to the FAIR Guidelines. The analysis revealed gaps in data stewardship that could be filled by the implementation of the FAIR Guidelines and, although the documents analysed do not explicitly mention the FAIR Guidelines, FAIR Equivalent terminology and practices are mentioned in varying detail. However, our analysis shows that there are still no provisions for the introduction and implementation of the FAIR Guidelines in health research in Kenya. Therefore, we recommend that the leadership be provided with a comprehensive introduction to the FAIR Guidelines, success stories about the FAIRification of data and research infrastructure in other parts of the world, and a demonstration of the steps needed for the FAIRification of health data in Kenya.

关键词： Data stewardship Health Kenya FAIR Guidelines FAIR Equivalency

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Determinants of household catastrophic costs for drug sensitive tuberculosis patients in Kenya

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2021年第4期10卷 18-32页

作者： Beatrice Kirubi Jane Ong'angto Peter Nguhiu Knut Lonnroth Aiban Rono Kristi Sidney-Annerstedt Department of Global Public Health Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden WHO Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Social Medicine StockholmSweden The Health and Social Protection Action Research&Knowledge Sharing Network(SPARKS) StockholmSweden Centre for Respiratory Disease Research Kenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya Health Economics Research Unit KEMRI-WellcomeTrust Research ProgramNairobiKenya Monitoring Evaluation&ResearchNational TuberculosisLeprosy and Lung Disease ProgramMinistry of HealthNairobiKenya

Background::Despite free diagnosis and treatment for tuberculosis(TB),the costs during treatment impose a significant financial burden on patients and their households.The study sought to identify the determinants for cata-strophic costs among patients with drug-sensitive TB(DSTB)and their households in Kenya.Methods::The data was collected during the 2017 Kenya national patient cost survey from a nationally representative sample(n=1071).Treatment related costs and productivity losses were estimated.Total costs exceeding 20%of household income were defined as catastrophic and used as the outcome.Multivariable Poisson regression analysis was performed to measure the association between selected individual,household and disease characteristics and occurrence of catastrophic costs.A deterministic sensitivity analysis was carried using different thresholds and the significant predictors were explored.Results::The proportion of catastrophic costs among DSTB patients was 27%(n=294).Patients with catastrophic costs had higher median productivity losses,39 h[interquartile range(IQR):20-104],and total median costs of USD 567(IQR:299-1144).The incidence of catastrophic costs had a dose response with household expenditure.The poorest quintile was 6.2 times[95%confidence intervals(CI):4.0-9.7]more likely to incur catastrophic costs compared to the richest.The prevalence of catastrophic costs decreased with increasing household expenditure quintiles(proportion of catastrophic costs:59.7%,32.9%,23.6%,15.9%,and 9.5%)from the lowest quintile(Q1)to the highest quintile(Q5).Other determinants included hospitalization:prevalence ratio(PR)=2.8(95%CI:1.8-4.5)and delayed treatment:PR=1.5(95%CI:1.3-1.7).Protective factors included receiving care at a public health facility:PR=0.8(95%CI:0.6-1.0),and a higher body mass index(BMI):PR=0.97(95%CI:0.96-0.98).Pre TB expenditure,hospitalization and BMI were significant predictors in all sensitivity analysis scenarios.Conclusions::There are significant inequities in the occurrence of catastroph

关键词： Tuberculosis Health expenditure Income loss Social protection Kenya

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Distribution and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different compartments in Kenya:A review

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Emerging Contaminants 2022年第1期8卷 351-359页

作者： Shuxin Liang Xue Yan Bangshuo An Yuyi Yang Minxia Liu Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Tibet UniversityLhasa850000China College of Science Tibet UniversityLhasa850000China Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology Wuhan Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430074China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China Center of Plant Ecology Core Botanical GardensChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430074China Sino-Africa Joint Research Center Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430074China College of Forestry Shanxi Agricultural UniversityJinzhong030801China

PAHs are one of the environmental contaminants of greatest concern on global scales due to their ecological risk.This study collected the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)concentration data of six different media in Kenya and evaluated their ecological risk assessment.Twenty-five literatures related to PAHs pollution in Kenya were found to conduct a meta-analysis.Our meta-analysis shows that the geometric means of PAH pollution in water(481.49 ng L^(-1)),sediment(519.15 ng g^(-1))t,soil(337.46 ng g^(-1)),air(38.60 ng m^(-3)),food(33.12 ng g^(-1)),and other(111,176.90 ng g^(-1))six media in Kenya had different degrees.The primary sources were combustion sources.A small number of PAHs are petroleum sources.A variety of methods were used to assess the ecological risk of PAHs in different media in Kenya,and we used a tiered approach to assess the ecological risk of water.The risk assessment result showed that the high contamination of Acenaphthylene and Acenaphthelene found in water in Kenya may pose certain ecological risks,which requires necessary measures.The concentration of Benzo[k]fluoranthene in sediment and the concentration of carcinogenic PAHs in soil can also cause the ecological risks,which should be paid more attention.In light of the PAH contamination in various media found in Kenya in the study,further detailed studies should be carried out to provide a more detailed analysis of the distribution of PAHs in Kenya to prevent the severe impact of PAHs contamination in Kenya and Africa.

关键词： Risk assessment Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Kenya Water Sediment Food

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Fluoride ions in groundwater of the Turkana County, Kenya, East Africa

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Acta Geochimica 2021年第6期40卷 945-960页

作者： Piotr Rusiniak Klaudia Sekuła Ondra Sracek Piotr Stopa Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology Faculty of GeologyGeophysics and Environmental ProtectionAGH University of Science and TechnologyMickiewicza 30 Av30-059 KrakòwPoland Department of Geology Faculty of SciencePalacky University Olomouc17.listopadu 1277146 OlomoucCzech Republic

Groundwater samples were evaluated throughout Turkana County(Kenya,East Africa)while looking for drinking water sources.Some samples showed high concentrations of fluoride with values in the range of 0.15–5.87 mg/L.Almost 50%of the samples exceeded the WHO and Kenyan potable water standard guideline value of 1.5 mg/L for drinking water quality.The hydrogeochemical studies revealed that the dominant cation in water is Na^(+)and the dominant anion is HCO_(3)^(-)resulting in Na-HCO_(3) type of groundwater,followed by Ca/Mg-HCO_(3) or Na-SO_(4) and Na-Cl in a few cases.Speciation modelling revealed that the groundwater is undersaturated with respect to gypsum and anhydrite,mostly undersaturated with respect to fluorite(6 samples are at equilibrium),and supersaturated or at equilibrium with respect to calcite(CaCO_(3)).Precipitation of calcite favours the dissolution of F-rich minerals in the alkaline medium.Simultaneously,groundwater is enriched with sodium and bicarbonate,probably as a result of chemical weathering of Na-feldspar.Investigated groundwater can be presumably used for drinking purposes from 17 wells,but a detailed investigation of other trace element concentrations is necessary.

关键词： Africa Kenya Fluoride Groundwater Drinking water Speciation calculation

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An annotated checklist of mammals of Kenya

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Zoological Research 2019年第1期40卷 3-52页

作者： Simon Musila Ara Monadjem Paul W.Webala Bruce D.Patterson Rainer Hutterer Yvonne A.De Jong Thomas M.Butynski Geoffrey Mwangi Zhong-Zheng Chen Xue-Long Jiang Mammalogy Section Department of Zoology National Museums of Kenya Department of Biological Sciences University of Swaziland Mammal Research Institute Department of Zoology & Entomology University of Pretoria Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management Maasai Mara University Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Leibniz-Institut für Biodiversit?t der Tiere Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program School of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Karatina University Sino-African Joint Research Center Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences

Kenya has a rich mammalian fauna. We reviewed recently published books and papers including the six volumes of Mammals of Africa to develop an up-to-date annotated checklist of all mammals recorded from Kenya. A total of 390 species have been identified in the country, including 106 species of rodents,104 species of bats, 63 species of even-toed ungulates(including whales and dolphins), 36 species of insectivores and carnivores, 19 species of primates,five species of elephant shrews, four species of hyraxes and odd-toed ungulates, three species of afrosoricids, pangolins, and hares, and one species of aardvark, elephant, sirenian and hedgehog. The number of species in this checklist is expected to increase with additional surveys and as the taxonomic status of small mammals(e.g., bats, shrews and rodents) becomes better understood.

关键词： Checklist Rodents Bats Ungulate Carnivores Shrews Kenya

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Drivers of early marriage and teenage pregnancy in Kenya and Uganda during COVID-19 lockdown period:A systematic review

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Journal of Integrative Nursing 2022年第4期4卷 202-210页

作者： Brian Barasa MASABA Rose MMUSI-PHETOE Jacklyne Atieno ODHIAMBO Bernard RONO Jane Wamuyu KABO Damaris MORAA Alex RUTTO John Kennedy MOTURI Thomas Ong’ondo NG’AMBWA Damaris OCHANDA Sammy Diana MAWIA Mary KIPMEREWO Samuel OYUGI Stephenie Lydia OJIAMBO Department of Health Studies School of Social SciencesCollege of Human SciencesUniversity of South AfricaPretoriaSouth Africa School of Nursing Great Lakes University of KisumuKisumuKenya Centre of Microbiology Research Kenya Medical Research InstituteKisumuKenya School of Nursing Kibabii UniversityBungomaKenya School of Nursing Kaimosi Friends UniversityKaimosiKenya School of Nursing Midwifery and Paramedical SciencesMasinde Muliro University of Science and TechnologyKakamegaKenya School of Nursing University of EmbuEmbuKenya School of Economics University of NairobiNairobiKenya

The present study aimed to explore the drivers of early marriage and teenage pregnancy in Kenya and Uganda during COVID-19 lockdown period.A systematic review design was adopted.The major online databases utilized were PubMed,Google Scholar,Uganda and Kenya Ministry of Health repositories,ScienceDirect,and Scopus.Studies that were originating from Kenya and Uganda that were publicly available in electronic format published from March 2020 to March 2022 were used.The thematic analysis identified major concepts that were drivers to the present research problem which were as follows:(1)school closure and(2)loss of income by parents.The COVID-19 containment measures introduced in the two countries were noted as major contributing factors.During the pandemic,lockdown led to school closures which meant the teenagers being idle at home with an increased opportunity to indulge in sexual risk behaviors.Schools have been noted to be a safe place protecting this vulnerable population.However,with their prolonged closure,the teenagers were exposed to sexual predators.Parents lost income,and this might have contributed to early marriages and teenagers’dependency on their sexual partners.Based on the reviewed evidence,the present study furthers the advocacy for the reduction of early marriages and teenage pregnancy,especially in the current COVID-19 pandemic era.The study calls upon the governments to intensify efforts toward the present research problem as the COVID-19 pandemic is eroding the earlier gains made within the region.

关键词： Adolescent COVID-19 humans Kenya marriage sexual behavior teenage pregnancy Uganda

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