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Heterogeneous Expansion of End-moraine Dammed Lakes in the Hindukush-karakoram-Himalaya Ranges of Pakistan during 2001-2013

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Journal of Mountain Science 2015年第5期12卷 1113-1124页

作者： Arshad ASHRAF Rozina NAZ Muhammad Bilal IQBAL Climate Change Alternate Energy and Water Resources Institute (CAEWRI) National Agricultural Research Center

Global climate change during the twentieth century had a significant impact on the glaciers that resulted in creation of new lakes and expansion of existing ones, and ultimately an increase in the number of glacial lake outburst floods(GLOFs) in the Himalayan region. This study reports variation of the end-moraine dammed lakes in the high altitude Hindukush-karakoram-Himalaya(HKH) region of Pakistan to evaluate future floods hazard under changing climate in this region. An integrated temporal remote sensing and Geographic information system(GIS) based approach using satellite images of Landsat-7 and 8 was adopted to detect 482 endmoraine dammed lakes out of which 339 lakes(>0.02 km2) were selected for temporal change analysis during the 2001-2013 period. The findings of the study revealed a net expansion in the end-moraine dammed lakes area in the karakoram(about 7.7%) and in the Himalayas(4.6%), while there was a net shrinkage of about 1.5% in the lakes area in the Hindukush range during this period. The percentage increase in the lakes' area was highest above 4500 m asl in the Hindukush, within 3500-4000 m asl in the Himalayas and below 3500 m asl in the karakoram range. The overall positive change in the lakes' area appears to prevail in various altitudinal ranges of the region. The heterogeneous areal changes in the endmoraine dammed lakes might be attributed to different climate regimes and glacial hydrodynamics in the three HKH ranges. A periodic monitoring of the glacial lakes and their associated glaciers is essential for developing effective hazard assessment and risk reduction strategies for this high altitude Himalayan region.

关键词： End-moraine glacial lakes GLOF karakoram Himalayan region

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Recent Changes Occurred in the Terminus of the Debriscovered Bilafond Glacier in the karakoram Himalayas Using Remotely Sensed Images and Digital Elevation Models(1978-2011)

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Journal of Mountain Science 2014年第2期11卷 398-406页

作者： Bijeesh KOZHIKKODAN VEETTIL Ulisses FRANZ BREMER Atilio EFRAIN BICA GRONDONA Sergio FLORENCIO DE SOUZA Centre for Research in Remote Sensing and Meteorology Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Campus do Vale Av. Bento Gonalves 9500 CEP: 91501-970Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil Department of Geography Institute of Geosciences Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Campus doVale Av. Bento Gonalves 9500 CEP: 91501-970Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil Department of Geodesy Institute of Geosciences Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Campus do ValeAv. Bento Gonalves 9500 CEP: 91501-970Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil

Recent changes occurred in terminus of the debris-covered Bilafond Glacier in the karakoram Range in the Himalayas, Northern Pakistan was investigated in this research. Landsat MSS, TM and ETM+ images were used for this study. Digital elevation models derived from ASTER GDEM and SRTM were also utilized. Visible, infrared and thermal infrared channels were utilized in order to get accurate glacier change maps. Three methods were tried to map this debris-covered glacier in this research. The glacier has been mapped successfully and the changes in the glacier terminus from 1978 to 2011 have been calculated. Manual, semi-automatic and thermal methods were found to give similar results. It was found that the glacier has undergone serious ablation during this period despite of the fact that many of the larger glaciers in the Hindu Kush and karakoram mountain regions in the Upper Indus Basin were reported to be expanding. The terminus has been moved back about 600 meters during this period and there was an abrupt change in the glacier terminus during 1990-2002. We propose that debris thickness is not the only factor that influences the glacier ablation but the altitude of the debris-covered glacier as well. Many glaciers in the karakoram region reported to be expanding were having higher altitudes compared to the study area.

关键词： Bilafond Glacier Debris-covered glaciers karakoram Himalayas Thermal mapping Glacier ablation Siachen Glacier

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Assessment of glacier stored water in karakoram Himalaya using satellite remote sensing and field investigation

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Journal of Mountain Science 2019年第4期16卷 836-849页

作者： Kamal Kant SINGH Harendra Singh NEGI Dhiraj Kumar SINGH Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment

karakoram Himalaya(KH) has continental climatic conditions and possesses largest concentration of glaciers outside the polar regions. The melt water from these glaciers is a major contributor to the Indus river. In this study, various methods have been used to estimate the ice volume in the karakoram Range of glaciers such as Coregistration of Optically Sensed Images and Correlation(COSI-Corr) method and Area-Volume relations. Landsat 8 satellite data has been used to generate the ice displacement, velocity and thickness map. Our study for 558 karakoram glaciers revealed that the average ice thickness in karakoram is 90 m. Ground Penetrating Radar(GPR) survey has been conducted in one of the KH glacier i.e. Saser La glacier and the collected GPR data is used for the validation of satellite derived thickness map. GPR measured glacier thickness values are found comparable with satellite estimated values with RMSE of 4.3 m. The total ice volume of the karakoram glaciers is estimated to be 1607±19 km3(1473±17 Gt), which is equivalent to 1473±17 km3 of water equivalent. Present study also covers the analysis of glacier surface displacement, velocity and ice thickness values with reference to glacier mean slope.

关键词： Glacier COSI-Corr karakoram Range Ground Penetrating Radar GPR Volume-Area

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Conservation status evaluation of Berberis species across the karakoram Mountain Ranges, Pakistan using IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria

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Journal of Forestry Research 2016年第6期27卷 1385-1390页

作者： Tika Khan Imtiaz Ahmed Khan Abdul Rehman Nisar Ahmed Integrated Mountain Area Research Centre Karakoram International University Department of Biological Sciences Karakoram International University Centre of Agriculture Biochemistry and Biotechnology University of Agriculture Faisalabad

Berberis species medicinal plants in Pakistan are endangered, high-value with important eco-cultural, commercial and livelihood roles in mountain communities. To assess the geographical distribution of Berberis species across the karakoram Mountain Ranges in Pakistan, we used IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria （2001） to calculate the extent of occurrence （EOO, 〈100 km^2） and the area of occupancy （AOO, 〈10 km^2） of Berberis pseudumbellata subsp, pseudumbellata and B. pseudumbellata subsp. gilgitica. Overgrazing and habitat loss were key population- limiting factors. The two subspecies had contrasting responses to temperature, elevation, precipitation and insect susceptibility. B. pseudumbellata subsp, gilgitica is endemic to Gilgit-Baltistan and grows in single-cropping zone （ar- eas 〉 200 m a.s.1.）. Status evaluation revealed that both subspecies meet the criteria set for critically endangered species. Prolonged disregard of its declining population trend might lead to its extinction; therefore, integrated con- servation efforts are necessary.

关键词： Berberis Ecological zonation Critically endangered Extent of occurrence karakoram Occupation area Spatial distribution

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Tectonic evolution of the karakoram metamorphic complex(NW Himalayas)reflected in the 3D structures of spiral garnets:Insights from X-ray computed micro-tomography

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Geoscience Frontiers 2021年第3期12卷 528-540页

作者： M.Sayab D.Aerden J.Kuva W.U.Hassan Geological Survey of Finland P.O.Box 96FI-02151 EspooFinland Departamento de Geodinámica and IACT-CSIC Universidad de GranadaGranada 18002Spain National Centre of Excellence in Geology University of PeshawarPeshawar 25130Pakistan

Spiral garnet porphyroblasts are known to record lengthy periods of deformation and metamorphism by preserving single or multiple FIAs(Foliation Intersection Axis)formed normal to tectonic shortening *** to technological advances in X-ray computed micro-tomography(XCMT),FIAs can now be readily determined in relatively large samples in contrast to previous methods that require the preparation of a set of radial vertical and horizontal thin sections of *** scanning not only alleviates tedious thin section based procedures but also illuminates the complete internal architecture of a rock sample allowing three-dimensional(3D)quantitative shape analysis of an individual porphyroblast as well as precise measurement of *** applied the technique to a sample from the Hunza Valley in the karakoram metamorphic complex(KMC),NW Himalayas,containing numerous garnet porphyroblasts with spiral-shaped inclusion *** XCMT imaging reveals an E-W trending FIA within the sample,which is consistent with orthogonal N-S collision of the India-Kohistan Island Arc with *** long axes(X_(GT))have variable plunges that define a broad sub-vertical maximum and a small sub-horizontal *** X_(GT) principle maxima lie at N-090 and *** maxima lie at N-020 and *** relationships between X_(GT) axes and FIA orientation in the sample suggest that porphyroblast shapes are controlled by the geometry of the lens-shaped microlithons in which they tend to nucleate and *** orientation of inclusion trails and matrix foliations in the sample are correlated with three discrete tectono-metamorphic events that respectively produced andalusite,sillimanite and kyanite in the *** staurolite growth in the sample reveals how the rocks extruded to the surface via a significant role of roll-on tectonics,which can be correlated with the Central Himalayas.

关键词： Porphyroblast Garnet FIA X-ray tomography karakoram Himalayas

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Hypsometric properties of mountain landscape of Hunza River Basin of the karakoram Himalaya

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Journal of Mountain Science 2018年第9期15卷 1881-1891页

作者： BAIG Siddique Ullah TAHIR Adnan Ahmad DIN Ahmad KHAN Humaira High Mountain Research Center Development Studies COMSATS University Islamabad (Abbottabad Campus) Environmental Sciences COMSATS University Islamabad (Abbottabad Campus) Computer Sciences COMSATS University Islamabad (Abbottabad Campus)

Within karakoram Himalaya, Hunza River Basin(study area) is unique for a number of reasons: 1) potential impacts of highly concentrated highpitched mountains and glacial ice; 2) the glaciated portions have higher mean altitude as compared to other glaciated landscapes in the karakoram; 3) this basin occupies varieties of both clean and debriscovered glaciers and/or ice. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the stability of topographic surface and potential implications of fluctuating glacial-ice causing variations in the movement of material from higher to lower elevations. This paper advocates landscape-level hypsometric investigations of glaciated landscape lies between 2280–7850 m elevation above sea level and non-glaciated landscape between 1461–7570 m. An attempt is made to understand intermediate elevations, which disguise the characteristics of glaciated hypsometries that are highly correlated with the Equilibrium Line Altitude(ELA). However, due to data scarcity for high altitude regions especially above 5000 m elevation, literature values for climatic conditions are used to create a relationship between hypsometry and variations in climate and ELA. The largest glaciated area(29.22%) between 5047 to 5555 m lies in the vertical regime of direct snow-accumulation zone and in the horizontal regime of net-accumulation zone(low velocity, net freezing, and no-sliding). In both landscapes, the hypsometric curves are ‘slow beginning' followed by ‘steep progress' and finally reaching a ‘plateau', reflecting the rapid altitudinal changes and the dominance of fluvial transport resulting in the denudation of land-dwelling and the transport of rock/debris from higher to lower altitudes. Reported slight differences in the average normalized bin altitudes against the cumulative normalized area between glaciated and non-glaciated landscapes are an indicator of slightly different land-forms and landform changes.

关键词： karakoram Hypsometry Glaciation Equilibrium Line Altitude

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The Pleistocene Glaciation in the karakoram Mountains:Reconstruction of Past Glacier Extensions and Ice Thicknesses

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Journal of Mountain Science 2004年第1期1卷 3-17页

作者： Matthias Kuhle Geographical Institute University of Gtingen Department of Geography and High Mountain Geomorphology Goldschmidtstr.537077 GtingenGermany

Geomorphological and Quaternarygeological field- and laboratory data (Fig.1) are introduced and interpreted with regard to the maximum Ice Age (LGM) glaciation of the Central-and South karakoram in the Braldu-, Basna-, Shigar-and Indus valley system as well as on the Deosai plateau between the Skardu Basin and the Astor valley (Fig.2). These data result from two research expeditions in the years 1997 and 2000. They show that between c. 60 and 20 Ka the Central Karakorum and its south slope were covered by a continuous c. 125,000 km2 sized ice stream network. This ice stream network flowed together to a joint parent glacier, the Indus glacier. The tongue end of the Indus glacier reached down to 850 ～ 800 m a.s.l. In its centre the surface of this Indus ice stream network reached a height of a good 6000 m. Its most important ice thicknesses amounted to c. 2400 ～ 2900 m.

关键词： karakoram paleoclimate glacial geomorphology last glacial period coalescing ice stream network glacier thickness

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STRUCTURAL AND THERMAL EVOLUTION OF THE SOUTH ASIAN CONTINENTAL MARGIN ALONG THE karakoram AND HINDU KUSH RANGES,NORTH PAKISTAN

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地学前缘 2000年第S1期7卷 82-83页

作者： M.P.Searle\+1, J.E.Fraser\+1, P.R.Hildebrand\+1, R.R. Parrish\+2, S.R.Noble\+2(1.Dept. Earth Sciences, Oxford University, Park Rd., Oxford, UK 2.NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, Keyworth, Nottingham, UK)

Prior to the collision and accretion of the Kohistan arc terrane during the late Cretaceous and the Indian plate after the early Eocene, the southern margin of Asia along the Hindu Kush, karakoram and Lhasa block terranes was an active Andean\|type continental margin. In south Tibet this margin was dominated by the calc\|alkaline Ladakh—Gangdese granite batholith, associated andesitic volcanic rocks and continental red\|beds. In contrast, the southern karakoram exposes deep crustal metamorphic rocks and crustal melt leucogranites. New U\|Pb age dating from the Hunza valley and Baltoro glacier region has revealed four spatially and temporally distinct metamorphic episodes. M1 sillimanite grade metamorphism in Hunza was a late Cretaceous event, probably caused by the accretion of the Kohistan arc to Asia. M2 was the major kyanite and sillimanite grade event during late Eocene—Oligocene crustal thickening and shortening, following India\|Asia collision. Numerous melting events resulted in the formation of crustal melt granites throughout the last 50Ma with multiple generations of dykes and very large scale crustal melting along the Baltoro monzogranite\|leucogranite ba tholith during the late Oligocene—early Miocene. M3 metamorphism was a high\| T , low\| p contact thermal metamorphism around the Baltoro granite. In Hunza, younger staurolite grade metamorphism has been dated by U\|Pb monazites at 16Ma, with the Sumayar leucogranite intruded at 9 5Ma cross\|cutting the metamorphic isograds. In the Baltoro region the youngest metamorphism, M4, is the sillimanite grade Dassu gneiss core complex dated by U\|Pb on monazites as late Miocene—Pliocene (5 4±0 25)Ma with Precambrian protolith zircon cores (1855±11)Ma. Numerous gem\|bearing pegmatite dykes cross\|cut these rocks and are thought to have been intruded within the last 2～3Ma. Structural mapping, combined with U\|Pb geochronology shows that major metamorphic events can be both long\|lasting (up to 20Ma) and very restr

关键词： structural and thermal evolution continental margin karakoram Hindu Kush ranges North Pakistan Asian plate

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Accessibility for High Asia:Comparative Perspective on Northern Pakistan's Traffic Infrastructure and Linkages with Its Neighbours in the Hindukush- karakoram-Himalaya

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Journal of Mountain Science 2004年第3期1卷 193-210页

作者： Hermann Kreutzmann Chair of Culture Geography and Development Studies Institute of Geography University of Erlangen-NuernbergKochstr.4/4 D-91054 ErlangenFRG

Starting with a discussion of development concepts which were applied in practice and which followed the developmentalist paradigm the expansion of traffic infrastructure in colonial and post-colonial periods is presented for the High Asian mountain rim. Selective railways and roads are the major feature of this development, which aimed first on serving the convenience of hill station visitors and followed strategic considerations later on. This bias between regional planning and implementation remains a characteristic feature. At the same time traffic infrastructure without asphalt roads is important for the mountain areas, thus breaking up the strong correlation between development and asphalt roads.

关键词： karakoram Himalaya Pakistan karakoram Highway accessibility trade networks road systems development

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STRATIGRAPHIC AND GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ICE CORES FROM QOGIR GLACIER,karakoram

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 1991年第4期 70-76页

作者： Qin Dahe Wen Qibin R.J.Thwaites Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology CAS Australia Antarctic Division Channal Highway

Two shallow ice cores were taken from Qogir Glacier on the northern slope of ***（K2）,karakoram,during the autumn of *** A（9.9 m deep）was drilled at 4440 m in the lower ablation *** B（8.5 m deep）was drilled at 5320 m in the seasonal superimposed ice zone at the uppermost limit of the ablation *** from the ice cores were collected and analyzed forδD,δO,degree of mineralization and *** paper describes the stratigraphy and the geochemical characteristics of the ice *** addition,the relationship betweenδD andδQ values is discussed.

关键词： glacier stable isotopes stratigraphy karakoram

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