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Afterpulse measurement of JUNO 20‑inch PMTs

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2023年第1期34卷 136-145页

作者： Rong Zhao Nikolay Anfimov Yu Chen Hang Hu Jun Hu Xiao‑Lu Ji Denis Korablev Min Li Alexander Olshevskiy Zhao‑Yuan Peng Arseny Rybnikov Zhong‑Hua Qin Jun Wang Wei Wang Zhi‑Min Wang Björn Wonsak School of Physics Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275China Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna 141980Russia Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics Beijing 100049China Sino‑French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronic Beijing 100049China Institut für Experimentalphysik Universität HamburgHamburg 20148Germany

In this study,we present the large photomultiplier tube(PMT)afterpulse measurement results obtained from the Jiangmen underground neutrino observatory(JUNO)experiment.A total of 11 dynode-PMTs(R12860)from the Hamamatsu company(Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.(HPK))and 150 micro-channel plate PMTs(MCP-PMTs,GDB-6201)from the NNVT company(North Night Vision Technology Co.,Ltd.(NNVT))were tested.Subsequently,an afterpulse model was built according to the afterpulse time distribution and the probability of occurrence for these two types of PMTs.The average ratio of the total afterpulse charge with a delay between 0.5μs and 20μs to the primary pulse charge is∼5.7%(13.2%)for the tested MCPPMTs(dynode-PMTs).The JUNO experiment will deploy 20,01220-inch PMTs;this study will benefit detector simulation,event reconstruction,and data analysis regarding the JUNO experiment.

关键词： Afterpulse MCP-PMT JUNO Dynode-PMT 20-inch PMT

Sub-percent precision measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters with JUNO

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Chinese Physics C 2022年第12期46卷 28-49页

作者： Angel Abusleme Thomas Adam Shakeel Ahmad Rizwan Ahmed Sebastiano Aiello Muhammad Akram Abid Aleem 安丰鹏安琪 Giuseppe Andronico Nikolay Anfimov Vito Antonelli Tatiana Antoshkina Burin Asavapibhop João Pedro Athayde Marcondes de André Didier Auguste 白伟东 Nikita Balashov Wander Baldini Andrea Barresi Davide Basilico Eric Baussan Marco Bellato Antonio Bergnoli Thilo Birkenfeld Sylvie Blin David Blum Simon Blyth Anastasia Bolshakova Mathieu Bongrand Clément Bordereau Dominique Breton Augusto Brigatti Riccardo Brugnera Riccardo Bruno Antonio Budano Jose Busto Ilya Butorov Anatael Cabrera Barbara Caccianiga 蔡浩蔡啸蔡严克蔡志岩 Riccardo Callegari Antonio Cammi Agustin Campeny 曹传亚曹国富曹俊 Rossella Caruso Cédric Cerna Chi Chan 常劲帆 Yun Chang 陈国明陈平平 Po-An Chen 陈少敏 Xurong Chen 陈义学陈羽陈志源陈梓康程捷程雅苹 Yu Chin Cheng Alexey Chetverikov Davide Chiesa Pietro Chimenti Artem Chukanov Gérard Claverie Catia Clementi Barbara Clerbaux Selma Conforti Di Lorenzo Daniele Corti Flavio Dal Corso Olivia Dalager Christophe De La Taille 邓智邓子艳 Wilfried Depnering Marco Diaz Xuefeng Ding 丁雅韵 Bayu Dirgantara Sergey Dmitrievsky Tadeas Dohnal Dmitry Dolzhikov Georgy Donchenko 董建蒙 Evgeny Doroshkevich Marcos Dracos Frédéric Druillole 杜然杜书先 Stefano Dusini Martin Dvorak Timo Enqvist Heike Enzmann Andrea Fabbri Donghua Fan 樊磊方建方文兴 Marco Fargetta Dmitry Fedoseev 费政勇 Li-Cheng Feng 冯启春 Richard Ford Amélie Fournier 甘浩男高峰 Alberto Garfagnini Arsenii Gavrikov Marco Giammarchi Nunzio Giudice Maxim Gonchar 龚光华宫辉 Yuri Gornushkin Alexandre Göttel Marco Grassi Vasily Gromov 顾旻皓谷肖飞古宇关梦云管宇铎 Nunzio Guardone 郭聪郭竞渊郭万磊 Xinheng Guo 郭宇航 Paul Hackspacher Caren Hagner 韩然 Yang Han 何苗 Wei He Tobias Heinz Patrick Hellmuth 衡月昆 Rafael Herrera 贺远强侯少静 Yee Hsiung Bei-Zhen Hu 胡航 Jianrun Hu 胡俊胡守扬胡涛胡宇翔胡焯钧黄桂鸿黄翰雄黄凯旋黄文昊 Xin Huang 黄性涛黄永波惠加琪霍雷霍文驹 Cédric Huss Safeer Hussain Ara Ioannisian Roberto Isocrate Beatrice Jelmini Ignacio Jeria 季筱璐贾慧慧贾俊基蹇司玉蒋荻蒋炜江晓山荆小平 Cécile Jollet Jari Joutsenvaara Leonidas Kalousis Philipp Kampmann 康丽 Rebin Karaparambil Narine Kazarian Amina Khatun Yerevan Physics Institute YerevanArmenia UniversiéLibre de Bruxelles BrusselsBelgium Universidade Estadual de Londrina LondrinaBrazil Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro Rio de JaneiroBrazil Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile SantiagoChile Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria ValparaisoChile Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering BeijingChina Beijing Normal University BeijingChina China Institute of Atomic Energy BeijingChina Institute of High Energy Physics BeijingChina North China Electric Power University BeijingChina School of Physics Peking UniversityBeijingChina Tsinghua University BeijingChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina Jilin University ChangchunChina College of Electronic Science and Engineering National University of Defense TechnologyChangshaChina Chongqing University ChongqingChina Dongguan University of Technology DongguanChina Jinan University GuangzhouChina Sun Yat-Sen University GuangzhouChina Harbin Institute of Technology HarbinChina University of Science and Technology of China HefeiChina The Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry Group in University of South China HengyangChina Wuyi University JiangmenChina Shandong University JinanChinaand Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityQingdaoChina Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina Nanjing University NanjingChina Guangxi University NanningChina East China University of Science and Technology ShanghaiChina School of Physics and Astronomy Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina Tsung-Dao Lee Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesShijiazhuangChina Nankai University TianjinChina Wuhan University WuhanChina Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'anChina Xiamen University XiamenChina School of Physics and Microelectronics Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou

JUNO is a multi-purpose neutrino observatory under construction in the south of China.This publication presents new sensitivity estimates for the measurement of the △m_(31)^(2),△m_(21)^(2),sin^(2)θ_(12),and sin^(2)θ_(13) oscillation parameters using reactor antineutrinos,which is one of the primary physics goals of the experiment.The sensitivities are obtained using the best knowledge available to date on the location and overburden of the experimental site,the nuclear reactors in the surrounding area and beyond,the detector response uncertainties,and the reactor antineutrino spectral shape constraints expected from the TAO satellite detector.It is found that the △m_(21)^(2) and sin^(2)θ_(12) oscillation parameters will be determined to 0.5%precision or better in six years of data collection.In the same period,the △m_(31)^(2) parameter will be determined to about 0.2%precision for each mass ordering hypothesis.The new precision represents approximately an order of magnitude improvement over existing constraints for these three parameters.

关键词： neutrino oscillation reactor antineutrino precision measurement JUNO

Research on thermoforming process of JUNO large acrylic spherical panel

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2022年第1期6卷 122-128页

作者： Xiao-Hui Qian Xiao-Yan Ma Yue-Kun Heng Jian-Xia Xiao Yue-Sheng Tang Gao-Feng Zhang Wei Cheng Xiao-Long Wang Wei He Ya-Tian Pei Xiao-Yu Yang Shao-Jing Hou Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Science Beijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics Beijing 100049China Jiangsu Domchamp New Material Technology Co. LtdTaixing City 225400China

Introduction Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observation(JUNO)focuses on determining neutrino mass hierarchy and other physical purposes.The central detector is one of the keys to the JUNO.The main structure of the central detector is an acrylic spherical container with a diameter of 35.4 m,which will be the largest acrylic spherical vessel in the world.Its construction will inevitably face many great challenges and difficulties.Method The thermoforming process of large acrylic spherical panel is introduced,which is a very important step in panel production.The effect of temperature on the curvature of panel during thermoforming is discussed.The thermal deformation of panel in thermoforming process is analyzed by finite element method.The bending experiment and curvature measurement are carried out,and the influence of deformation of the panel under gravity on the curvature of the panel is analyzed.Results The current thermoforming process makes the curvature of panel smaller than that of mold.The measurement results show that the curvatures are different due to the influence of gravity when the panel is placed on the mold or vertically.Some suggestions for improving the shape of spherical panels are put forward.In the thermoforming process,the temperature of the concave-convex surfaces of the panel should be controlled at the same level as far as possible.Another feasible method is to increase the radius of the forming mold to obtain a spherical panel with designed radius.

关键词： JUNO Acrylic spherical vessel Thermoforming process Measurement of spherical panel Panel curvature

Structure design and load test of the small prototype for the JUNO Central Detector

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2022年第4期6卷 439-450页

作者： Xiaoyu Yang Yuekun Heng Wei He Xiaoyan Ma Lei Yang Jiajie Ling Zhi Wu Kaixi Huang Caishen Wang Ruiting Lei Yatian Pei Xiaohui Qian Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics Beijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Science Beijing 100049China Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808China Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275China

Introduction The structure of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO)CentralDetector(CD)was designed using finite element methods(FEM).The structure of the small JUNOCDprototypewas also designed using the same structural scheme and method as those of the CD,and the load test was carried out after the accomplishment of structure design and manufacturing.Methods The load test can help verify the performance and reliability of the mechanical monitoring system and liquid filling system of the CD,verify the consistency of FEM calculations and axial force measurement results of the sensors,and accumulate experience for the installation of the connecting bars.Conclusion The measurement scheme was considered and determined,and the connecting bars’axial forces under different liquid filling conditions were measured and compared with the FEM results,the consistencies of which were good.The mechanical monitoring system and liquid filling system of theCDwere verified during the load test,which met the requirements of design and experiment.

关键词： Structure design Load test Numerical analysis Small prototype Central Detector JUNO

Thermal management for the underwater frontend and readout electronics of JUNO 20‑inch PMTs

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2023年第3期7卷 418-426页

作者： Yangfu Wang Xiaoshan Jiang Jun Hu Peiliang Wang Lei Fan Shaojing Hou Zhe Ning Yunhua Sun Xiongbo Yan Zheng Wang Ziyue Yan Peiran Ye Jie Zhang Alberto Garfagnini Antonio Bergnoli Riccardo Brugnera Beatrice Jelmini Filippo Marini Marco Grassi Mariia Redchuk Andrea Serafini Katharina von Sturm Institute of High Energy Physics BeijingChina University of China Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China INFN Sezione di Padova PaduaItaly Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Universita di PadovaPaduaItaly

Background The Jiangmen underground neutrino observatory(JUNO)is a new generation of long-term operation neutrino experimental platform under construction in Jiangmen,Guangdong province of southern China.The underwater frontend and readout electronics(F&R electronics)are placed nearby the 20-inch PMTs and readout current signals from three PMTs.The electronics are sealed in a stainless-steel underwater box to keep them dry,and temperature control of the electronics plays a significant role in their reliability.Methods A conductive cooling structure based on the passive cooling method is designed for the 20-inch PMT F&R electronics.Both numerical simulation and experimental tests were performed to evaluate the cooling structures'thermal performance.Results The results show that the case temperature of the respective chip for 20-inch PMT F&R electronics is less than 30℃in ambient still water.Conclusion The case temperature of the respective chip meets the strict temperature requirement for the F&R electronics.The JUNO collaboration has adopted this cooling structure for the 20-inch PMT readout electronics.

关键词： Thermal management JUNO PMT Electronics

Data-driven simultaneous vertex and energy reconstruction for large liquid scintillator detectors

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2023年第6期34卷 103-113页

作者： Gui-Hong Huang Wei Jiang Liang-Jian Wen Yi-Fang Wang Wu-Ming Luo School of Applied Physics and Materials Wuyi UniversityJiangmen529020China Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing100049China

High-precision vertex and energy reconstruction are crucial for large liquid scintillator detectors such as that at the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO),especially for the determination of neutrino mass ordering by analyzing the energy spectrum of reactor neutrinos.This paper presents a data-driven method to obtain a more realistic and accurate expected PMT response of positron events in JUNO and develops a simultaneous vertex and energy reconstruction method that combines the charge and time information of PMTs.For the JUNO detector,the impact of the vertex inaccuracy on the energy resolution is approximately 0.6%.

关键词： JUNO Liquid scintillator detector Neutrino experiment Vertex reconstruction Energy reconstruction

Study of the front-end signal for the 3-inch PMTs instrumentation in JUNO

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2022年第3期6卷 349-360页

作者： Diru Wu Jilei Xu Miao He Zhimin Wang Ziliang Chu Institute of High Energy Physics Beijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

A total of 25,6003-inch PMTs will be installed in Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO)to achieve more precise energy calibration and to extend the physics detection potential.Performances of all bare PMTs have been characterized and these PMTs are being instrumented with the high voltage divider,underwater front-end cable,and connector.In this paper,we present a dedicated study on signal quality at different stages of the instrumentation.An optimized high voltage ratio was conﬁrmed andﬁnalized which improved the PMT transit time spread by 25%.The signal charge was attenuated by 22.5%(13.0%)in the 10 m(5 m)cable and it required the addition of 45 V(23 V)to compensate for the loss of PMT gain.There was a 1%overshoot following the PMT signal and no sign of reﬂection in the connector.A group of 163-inch PMTs with the full instrumentation was installed in the JUNO prototype detector together with a few 8-inch and 20-inch PMTs,which showed good stability and demonstrated a photon detection system with multiple types of PMTs.

关键词： JUNO 3-inch PMT PMT divider TTS Signal attenuation JUNO prototype

Improvement of machine learning-based vertex reconstruction for large liquid scintillator detectors with multiple types of PMTs

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2022年第7期33卷 93-102页

作者： Zi-Yuan Li Zhen Qian Jie-Han He Wei He Cheng-Xin Wu Xun-Ye Cai Zheng-Yun You Yu-Mei Zhang Wu-Ming Luo School of Physics Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology Sun Yat-Sen UniversityZhuhai519082China Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China

The precise vertex reconstruction for large liquid scintillator detectors is essential.A novel machine learning-based method was successfully developed to reconstruct an event vertex in JUNO.In this study,the performance of machine learning-based vertex reconstruction was further improved by optimizing the input images of neural networks.By separating the information of different types of PMTs and adding the information of the second hit of PMTs,the vertex resolution was improved by approximately 9.4% at 1 MeV and 9.8% at 11 MeV.

关键词： JUNO Liquid scintillator detector Neutrino experiment Vertex reconstruction Machine learning

Low-radioactivity ultrasonic hydrophone used in positioning system for Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2022年第6期33卷 102-113页

作者： Duo Teng Jiang-Lai Liu Guo-Lei Zhu Yue Meng Yuan-yuan Zhang Tao Zhang Kai Luo Rui Li Jia-Qi Hui School of Marine Science and Technology Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’an 710072China National Key Laboratory for Underwater Information Processing and Control Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’an 710072China School of Physics and Astronomy Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China Tsung-Dao Lee Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China

To satisfy the accurate positioning requirement of the calibration source in the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory, a Tonpilz-type hydrophone with low radioactivity and high electroacoustics is developed.The radioactivity of the proposed hydrophone is strictly controlled by selecting pure raw materials, especially active piezoelectric ceramics. The electroacoustic performance of the hydrophone is improved by making structural optimization. High sensitivity and aimed directivity are achieved using 33-mode piezoelectric ceramic rings arranged in series and improvement in the radiating head of the Tonpilz hydrophone, respectively. All electroacoustic performances are studied through finite element analyses.The simulations indicate that the electroacoustic performances of the hydrophones in linear alkylbenzene-based liquid scintillator can be approximately predicted according to the results in water because their differences caused by two types of acoustic media, water and liquid scintillator, are known. The tests show that the hydrophone prototype can achieve a maximum sensitivity of-209.3dB and a beamwidth of 132.2° at a frequency of 143 kHz.In addition, eight hydrophones only contributed to a background radioactivity level of 26 ± 4 mHz in the neutrino analysis.

关键词： JUNO Liquid scintillator Tonpilz hydrophone Low radioactivity Sensitivity Directivity Finite element