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Viral evasion of DNA-stimulated innate immune responses

Cellular & Molecular immunology 2017年第1期14卷 4-13页

作者： Maria H Christensen Sфren R Paludan Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University Aarhus DK-8000 Denmark Aarhus Research Center for innate immunology Aarhus University Aarhus DK-8000 Denmark

Cellular sensing of virus-derived nucleic acids is essential for early defenses against virus infections. In recent years, the discovery of DNA sensing proteins, including cyclic GMP-AMP synthase （cGAS） and gamma-interferon- inducible protein （IFI16）, has led to understanding of how cells evoke strong innate immune responses against incoming pathogens carrying DNA genomes. The signaling stimulated by DNA sensors depends on the adaptor protein STING （stimulator of interferon genes）, to enable expression of antiviral proteins, including type I interferon. To facilitate efficient infections, viruses have evolved a wide range of evasion strategies, targeting host DNA sensors, adaptor proteins and transcription factors. In this review, the current literature on virus-induced activation of the STING pathway is presented and we discuss recently identified viral evasion mechanisms targeting different steps in this antiviral pathway.

关键词： DNA sensing evasion innate immunology STING

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Advance of studies on fish chemokine genes involved in innate immunity

Advance of studies on fish chemokine genes involved in innat...

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2005水产科技论坛

作者： HE Chong-bo , Wang Qiang, Xu Xiao-hong ( Uaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Liaoning Open Lab of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Uaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Dalian 116023, China)

＜正＞Chemokines are a superfamily of chemotactic cytokines involved in recruitment, activation and adhesion of a variety of leukocyte types to inflammatory foci , the important component of the innate immune system, the focus of the molecular immunology studies. The completion of Human Genome Program and progress of Fisheries Genome research has greatly accelerate the discoveries of chemokines. To date, there are about 50 chemokines discovered and cloned. Immunologists have increasingly turned their focus on innate immunology of disease resistance, especially on the discovery, identification, evolution and function analysis. Fish represent the greatest number of extant vertebrate species and a vitally important evolutionary position, being between species depending solely on innate immunity and those depending heavily on adaptive immunity. Despite this urgency, the identification of fish chemokines has been slow, complicated by low sequence conservation and confusion over expected numbers. However, the adoption of genomic approaches, especially through the analysis of ESTs, has allowed a rapid expansion of the repertoire of fish chemokines. Although the exact number of orthologies between fish and mammalian chemokines remains ambiguous at present, large numbers of distinct chemokines have now been i-dentified from teleost fish. These include a large number of CC chemokines and a moderate number of CXC chemokines. The largest number of CC chemokines in a given fish species was found from channel catfish, with at least 26 distinct CC chemokines. Clear orthologies were established for only three catfish chemokines: catfish BM029630, SCYA112, and SCYA109. Seven orthologies were suggested using the Distance method by heuristic search without stringent bootstrapping. Assuming the majority of the distinct chemokines may be possessed by most fish taxa, large numbers of CC chemokines remain to be discovered from various fish species. Functional analysis and expression studies

关键词： fish chemokine innate immunology gene phylogenetics

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Expression of Toll-Like Receptor-2 and -4 in Amniochorion Membranes of Preterm Delivery in the Presence of Histologic Chorioamnionitis

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014年第14期4卷 857-863页

作者： Natália Prearo Moco Laura Fernandes Martin Jossimara Polettini Ana Carolina Pereira José Carlos Peracoli Márcia Guimaraes da Silva Department of Pathology Botucatu Medical School (FMB) Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Botucatu Brazil Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Botucatu Medical School (FMB) Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Botucatu Brazil

Expression of Toll-like receptors at the maternal-fetal interface during normal and complicated pregnancies has aroused interest in the last few years. However, despite the importance of TLR-2 and TLR-4, which recognizes most microorganisms presenting in the amniotic cavity infections associated with prematurity, comparison of the expressions of these receptors is rare in the literature. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the gene expression between TLR-2 and TLR-4 in amniochorion membranes of pregnant women with preterm delivery in the presence of histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA). Amniochorion membranes were collected from 40 pregnant women with preterm delivery;20 presented HCA and 20 did not. Fragments of the membranes were submitted to total RNA extraction, followed by cDNA production by reverse transcription. Real time quantitative PCR was used to quantify the gene expression of the TLRs. mRNA concentrations between TLR-2 and TLR-4 were compared using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. TLR-2 expression was higher than TLR-4 expression in the presence of HCA. No difference was observed between TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression in membranes in the absence of inflammatory infiltrate. In conclusion, amniochorion membranes express TLR-2 and TLR-4 and higher TLR-2 expression in the presence of histologic chorioamnionitis suggests that microorganisms recognizable by TLR-2 play an important role in the physiopathology of preterm labor.

关键词： Preterm Labor Pregnancy Complications innate immunology TLR-2 TLR-4

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