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“Breast is best”—infant-feeding, infant mortality and infant welfare in Germany during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries

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Health 2013年第12期5卷 2190-2203页

作者： Jorg Vogele Luisa Rittershaus Thorsten Halling Institute for the History of Medicine Faculty of MedicineUniversity DusseldorfDusseldorfGermany

Breastfeeding is considered to be the key variable for infant health. Consequently, UNICEF and the World Health Organization promote the beginning of breastfeeding within the first hour after birth and recommend to exclusively breastfeed the infant during the first six months. The origins of these modern breastfeeding campaigns can be traced back to the beginning of the twentieth century. Whereas high infant mortality rates traditionally were considered to be a matter of fate and the declining birth rates towards the end of the nineteenth century raised fears about the nation’s future and led to the emergence of an increasing infant welfare movement in imperial Germany. As low breastfeeding rates were identified as a key factor behind the high infant mortality rates, the main objective of the infant care movement was to increase breastfeeding. The paper examines how the context of infant care and infant mortality was constructed and how breastfeeding campaigns in the context of infant mortality, breastfeeding rates and socio-political changes developed during the twentieth century. Thus the paper covers the period from the beginnings of social paediatrics at the beginning of the 20th century, the breastfeeding campaigns embedded into Nazi ideology during the Third Reich, until the declining breastfeeding ratios and the “feeding on demand”-movement in the 1970s as well as the ideological differences between West and East Germany during the Cold War.

关键词： Paediatrics History of Medicine infant feeding infant Mortality infant Health Germany

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The Impact of Breastfeeding Pattern on the Duration of Lactational Amenorrhoea in Chengdu, China

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Journal of Reproduction and Contraception 2002年第2期13卷 98-109页

作者：崔念唐光华李民享 WHO Task Force on Methods for the Natural Regulation of Fertility Family Planning Research Institute of Sichuan Chengdu 610041China United Nations Development Programme/World Health Organization/World Bank Special Programme of Research Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction World Health Organization 1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland

Objective To determine the relation between infant feeding practices (and other factors) and the duration of postpartum amenorrhoea in a sample of Chinese women Subjects &. Methods infant feeding and the return of menses were measured longitudinally in 541 mothers and their infants in Pengxian County, Sichuan Province. The durations of breastfeeding and of lactational amenorrhoea were estimated through survival analysis. Cox's non-parametric hazards regression analysis was performed to determine the variables associated with the duration of lactational amenorrhoea. Results Mothers breastfed frequently per day, the mean frequency ranging from 6. 4 per day at 3 weeks postpartum to 5. 4 per day at 6 months. They breastfed for over 18. 3 months on average. The median duration of lactational amenorrhoea was 9. 5 months. The period from birth until the first breastfeed was a significant determinant of the duration of lactational amenorrhoea, P = 0. 038. Compared with women who ended full breastfeeding earlier, those who ceased full breastfeeding at 120 to 24C days returned to menses significantly sooner (risk ratio = 1. 34; 95% CI = 1. 06-1. 69). This finding is probably spurious since no relationship between full breastfeeding duration and the return of menses was found among women -who ended full breastfeeding after 240 days. Conclusion The most important determinant of the return of menses was the delay in the first breastfeed after birth, suggesting that the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding should be more precisely implemented.

关键词： breastfeeding fertility China infant feeding amenorrhoea

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Contribution of iron status at birth to infant iron status at 9 months

Contribution of iron status at birth to infant iron status a...

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2017浙江省营养学会年会暨西湖营养学术论坛

作者：朱冰泉 Blair Richards Niko Kaciroti Katy M.Clark Zhengyan Zhao Jie Shao Betsy Lozoff Children's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Center for Human Growth and Development University of Michigan Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases University of Michigan

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE:A physiologic framework indicates that infant iron status will be determined by the iron the infant is born with and postnatal iron needs,availability,and *** previous studies did not assess iron status at *** used the framework to consider multiple measures of iron status at birth in assessing predictors of iron status at 9 ***/METHODS:Hemoglobin(Hb),serum ferritin(SF),serum transferrin receptor(sTfR),and zinc protoporphyrin/heme(ZPP/H) were measured in cord blood and venous blood at 9 months for545 healthy term Chinese infants,along with mean cell volume(MCV) and red cell distribution width(RDW) at 9 *** deficiency(ID) at 9 months was defined as ≥2 abnormal iron measures,iron deficiency anemia(IDA) as ID+anemia(Hbinfants had ID overall(19.6%IDA).Higher cord ZPP/H and sTfR,lower Hb,lower birth weight,male sex,older age at testing,higher weight,and breastfeeding predicted poorer 9-month iron composite;cord ZPP/H,birth weight,sex,age,and feeding predicted body *** was the strongest single *** to formula-fed infants,the odds of IDA were19.1 and 3.6 times higher in breastfed and mixed-fed infants,***:The study showed that indicators of iron status at birth,postnatal iron needs,and external iron sources independently predicted iron status at 9 *** was an additional predictor.

关键词： iron deficiency cord blood iron status sex differences infant feeding infants China

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