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Kuhnian Understanding of incommensurability and Implications of Paradigmatic Conception of Knowledge in International Relations

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Journal of Philosophy Study 2013年第7期3卷 676-683页

作者： Veton Latifi South East European University

In international relations theory （maybe more than in any other discipline of social sciences）, the paradigmatic construction of Thomas Kuhn and his model of incommensurability might be applied to the theoretical interpretation of phenomena; and it is one of the cornerstones of the methodological toolkit for the interpretation in this field. The paper explores the reason why Kuhn＇s understanding of incommensurability seems to be necessary for the conception of knowledge in international relations： the concept of incommensurability can be considered typical as it is meant to indicate a conflict, of one form or another, between theories. And the discipline of international relations is more than a perfect ground for considering this concept when one is having in mind the high degree of polarized debate among rivalry theoretical schools （for interpreting and describing the identical phenomena） that is present from the very beginning of the discipline. Recalling the Kuhnian conception of science in paradigmatic view with an aim for understanding--international relations theory, the paper analyzes furthermore his rejection of the traditional dichotomy between “objectivisn”and ＂subjectivism.＂

关键词： incommensurability paradigmatic approach in international relations Kuhn's conception of science

Modeling of Catfish Farm Using Lexicographic Linear Goal Programming

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American Journal of Operations Research 2022年第3期12卷 94-110页

作者： Ukamaka Cynthia Orumie Egenti Francis Nzerem Chekwube Bartholomew Desmond Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Port Harcourt Port Harcourt Nigeria Department of Statistics Federal University of Technology Owerri Owerri Nigeria

In this paper, a fish farm was modeled using the Lexicographic linear goal programming approach due to incommensurability in objectives. The study considered the fish farming plan with two sizes of catfish from stocking to harvesting at four-month intervals. The multi-objective goals developed are required raw materials feed, water, light (resource utilization), sales revenue, profit realized, labor utilization, production costs, and pond utilization. The developed model was tested using related data collected from the farm records with the use of TORA 2007 software. The compromised solution from the results showed that the developed model is an efficient tool for decision-making process in the fish farm business organization.

关键词： Goal Programming incommensurability Lexicographic Multi-Objective Compromised Solution

Irrationality in Scientific Development？

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Journal of Philosophy Study 2013年第5期3卷 367-376页

作者： Paul Hoyningen-Huene Ph.D. Full Professor Institute of Philosophy Leibniz Universitat Hannover Germany

The paper discusses several wide-spread misunderstandings of Kuhn＇s theory of scientific development, most prominently the ascription that he conceives of scientific development as irrational. The core of this ascription is an assessment of incommensurability as implying the lack of any rational possibility of theory comparison. This is supposed to be due to Gestalt switches and a quasi-religious element of conversion in theory change. Accordingly, scientific revolutions cannot be a serious matter for philosophical analysis; they furthermore foreclose any scientific progress. It is shown that such images of Kuhn＇s theory rest on deep misunderstandings that are partly due to Kuhn＇s writing style.

关键词： Kuhn irrationality incommensurability scientific revolutions theory choice conceptual change

Kuhn and Taxonomies of History

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Journal of Philosophy Study 2013年第5期3卷 412-430页

作者： Andrew Gregory Ph.D. Department of Science and Technology Studies University College London UK

This paper introduces the idea that if theories of history generate different taxonomies of history they too are incommensurable. I argue this is unavoidable for Kuhn given what he says about incommensurability and 1 investigate the consequences in relation to reflexivity, justification, and paradox for Kuhn＇s account of science. I want to do this on two levels, firstly looking at different possibilities for characterising individual paradigms. I will look at some examples from ancient and early modem astronomy as here it is clearest that paradigms can be characterised in different ways and that this has important consequences. I will argue in particular that Kuhn＇s characterisation of the paradigm for astronomy which emerges from antiquity （geocentrism） is favourable to his general account of the history of science, but that there is a very plausible and extremely damaging alternative. I argue that these differing characterisations generate differing, incommensurable taxonomies of the history of astronomy, with attendant ＂local holism,＂ untranslatability of key terms and issues of theory choice. If so, Kuhn then has problems with generating an adequate decision making protocol for choosing between the two paradigm characterisations. That is problematic in itself, but I also argue this problem is systemic and affects the evidence needed for Kuhn to justify his general account of the history of science. I also want to investigate the implications of differing taxonomies of the history of science at a more abstract level. Kuhn＇s general theory of the history of science generates a taxonomy of the history of science, as do other theories such as those of Popper and of gradualism. If so, the incommensurability involved here, again with attendant ＂local holism,＂ untranslatability of key terms and issues of theory choice, leads to issues of paradox and justification for Kuhn＇s general account of the history of science. With this broader understanding of taxonomic issues,

关键词： Kuhn taxonomy Popper incommensurability "local holism " theory choice Kuhn Cycle astronomy

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边缘处的理解—中西思想对话中的“印迹”

外国哲学 2001年第2期 478-482页

作者：张祥龙

观念上和陈述语言上的“无公度性”会阻塞的是概念上的相互充分理解和一一对应式的有效翻译。但是，在概念化语言失效的“边缘”处，凭借本质上更多样的表达方式和其中蕴含的游戏意识，可能会产生新的翻译风格和更深意义上的相互理解。

关键词：不可公度性理解印迹语言游戏边缘语势 incommensurability undcrstanding trace language game language momentum on margins

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麦金太尔的“启蒙计划”批判之批判

伦理学 2022年第3期

作者：陈真

麦金太尔断言“启蒙计划”寻求道德问题上的理性共识并为道德进行辩护的工作是失败的，因为：其一，启蒙思想家中“没有一个人实际上成功过”；其二，启蒙计划导致现代西方根本的道德分歧是无解的，因为分歧的各方所诉诸的根本价值原则... 详细信息

麦金太尔断言“启蒙计划”寻求道德问题上的理性共识并为道德进行辩护的工作是失败的，因为：其一，启蒙思想家中“没有一个人实际上成功过”；其二，启蒙计划导致现代西方根本的道德分歧是无解的，因为分歧的各方所诉诸的根本价值原则是不可公度的；其三，启蒙计划导致现代西方道德支离破碎、严重无序，这是因为它的道德合理性论证将道德与历史语境相分离所致。然而，麦金太尔的上述论据要么站不住脚，要么缺少事实依据，因此，他对西方启蒙计划的批判是难以成立的。启蒙时期以来的理性依然是我们研究道德、解决道德问题难以取代的研究方法。

关键词：麦金太尔启蒙计划不可公度根本的道德分歧 Alasdair MacIntyre the Enlightenment project incommensurability fundamental moral disagreement

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紧急避险与生命价值的衡量