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Opportunity Inequality in income gap of China-A Decomposition Based on Regression Equation

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China Finance and Economic Review 2020年第2期9卷 47-67页

作者： Chen Wang Tongjin Zhang Guanghua Wan Shanghai University of Finance and Economics China Tianjin University of Commerce China Institute of World Economy Fudan UniversityChina

Using China General Social Survey(CGSS)data and a decomposition method based on regression equation,this paper decomposes the reasons for income gap in urban areas,rural areas and the whole country in general into three factors-opportunity inequality stemming from environmental factors,income inequality stemming from effort factors,and income inequality from luck and unknown *** results are as follows.(1)From 2010 to 2015,opportunity inequality on a national,urban and rural scale went up first and down later,with a rising contribution from Hukou(household registration)at birth.(2)Estimate shows that China’s opportunity inequality was 24.39%in 2010,28.04%in 2012,peaks at 35.72%in 2013 and falls to 30.56%in 2015,but the percentages would be 8%overestimated if Party membership,migration,and the interactions between environmental and effort factors are excluded.(3)In the 2010-2015 period,the average opportunity inequality in rural areas was 33.31%,about eight percentage points higher than in urban *** age and gender can explain the high rate in rural areas,difference in the place of residence is the main reason for inequality in urban ***,this paper proposes three ways to mitigate opportunity inequality-coordinating regional development,improving fair competition in employment,and accelerating the reform of Hukou system.

关键词： opportunity inequality income gap inequality decomposition environmental factors

income gap and the Risk of Middleincome Trap Facing China

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China Economist 2014年第4期9卷 13-19页

作者：蔡昉王美艳 Institute of Population and Labor Economics Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

International experience shows that economic stagnation and deterioration of income distribution are both the cause and effect of each other and also reinforce each *** a relationship may put some high-growth countries into the middle-income *** levels in China are above average,but economic growth is *** such a time,China should attach great importance to addressing the widening income *** paper attempts to integrate official data on income with researchers' surveys to examine income distribution in *** reveals the causes for unequal and unfair income distribution and illustrates the policy significance of reforming primary and secondary distributions to adjust the pattern of income distribution.

关键词： income gap middle-income poverty hidden income

Intergenerational Transmission of income gap for Chinese Urban and Rural Households

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China Economist 2016年第2期11卷 82-94页

作者：徐晓红 School of Economics Anhui University

An accurate understanding of the intergenerational transmission of income gap is the foundation for theoretical research and policy formulation to address this issue. This paper has employed the method of two sample instrumental variables to effectively integrate CHIP data and CFPS data and correct the temporal income bias, life-cycle bias and coresidence bias, which are common problems in existing studies, and investigated the tendencies of intergenerational transmission of income gap for China's urban and rural households between 2002 and 2012. Results of empirical study indicate that the intergenerational transmission of income gap for China's urban and rural households has been on the decline yet the level of intergenerational transmission is greater for urban residents than for rural residents. This level of intergenerational transmission of income gap in China is at a medium international level lower than that of countries like the United States, Brazil and Japan and higher than that of Sweden and Chinese Taiwan. Further analysis of the intergenerational mobility of various income groups suggests the following: the intergenerational solidification of the bottom and top income groups of urban residents has significantly improved, which is the source for the reduction of intergenerational transmission of income gap. Rural residents of bottom income group are vulnerable to falling into the trap of intergenerational transmission of low income. In order to mitigate the intergenerational transmission of income gap, efforts must be made to improve educational allowance policy and increase the opportunities for children from poor and underprivileged families to receive education and to eliminate the divide of labor markets to create equal job opportunities for each and every worker.

关键词： intergenerational income elasticity method of two sample instrumental variables measurement biases income gap

Methods of Measuring and Decomposing the income gap： A Survey

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Social Sciences in China 2011年第3期32卷 181-202页

作者： Guo Jiqiang Jiang Li Lu Lili Ye Rongde Fei Shulan College of Public Administration and Centre for Labor Economics and Public Policy Studies ZhejiangUniversity (LEPP) College of Public Administration Zhejiang University

In this study, we classify the income gap into the total income gap and the inter-group income gap depending on the subjects of study. Measurement and decomposition methods are discussed at three levels： income inequality, polarization, and the inter-group income gap. While income inequality focuses on description of the overall income gap, polarization aims to examine the phenomenon of the ＂clustering effect＂ in income distribution, for which the measurement indexes used can be broadly divided into bi-polarization and multi-polarization indexes. The Shapley decomposition method and decomposition of the distribution of inter- group income differences are cutting edge techniques for the decomposition of the income gap. We also stress the applicability and relevance of income gap measurement indexes and decomposition methods, to facilitate selection of the most appropriate methods for more accurate detection of the causes of the income gap.

关键词： income gap polarization Shapley decomposition distribution decomposition

Globalization and income gap from the Perspective of Developing Countries

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Chinese Business Review 2007年第1期6卷 1-7,18页

作者： NING Guang-jie School of Economics Nankai University lianjin 300071 China

Using political economic theory, this paper analyzes the impact of economic globalization on international income distribution, including the income gap between developed countries and developing ones, the income gap among the developing countries. The paper states that because the economic globalization is the globalization of capitalism manufacture style and developed countries dominates the process, the income gap between developing countries and developed one is difficult to be narrowed, and the income gap in developing countries will enlarge.

关键词： economic globalization income gap labor productivity labor standard unequal exchange

Why the Effect of Tax Is Insufficient in Narrowing income gap in China?A Theoretical Analysis Framework and A Practical Observation

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Why the Effect of Tax Is Insufficient in Narrowing Income Ga...

City Size,Housing Price and Resident income gap

作者： PAN Wen-xuan Shanghai Administration Institute

In recent years,the problem of income gap in China is rather ***,the effect of tax policy on narrowing income gap is not satisfactory,which reveals inadequate ability of the tax system in narrowing income *** accordance with the present situation of current tax system and tax collection administration,this paper constructs a theoretical framework consisting of the three integrated elements,namely,design of tax categories,tax system structure and tax administration,to make a theoretical analysis and practical study on the reasons of inadequate ability of the current tax system in narrowing income *** results of the study show that there exist some defects in the design of tax categories,such as consumption tax,personal income tax,property tax,and so on,which result in the weakening of the micro ability of tax in narrowing income *** dual imbalance in the structures of tax system and tax categories results in the weakening of the structural ability of taxes in narrowing income *** incompleteness in tax administration,especially the frail of the direct tax collection system,results in the weakening of the tax collection ability of taxes in narrowing income ***,in order that tax policy can give full play to its role in narrowing income gap,efforts ought to be made to improve the micro ability,structural ability and collection ability of taxes in narrowing income gap through the improvement of the design of tax categories,the adjustment of the tax system structure and the enhancement of the tax collection administration.

关键词： income gap tax adjustment design of tax categories tax system structure tax administration

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City Size,Housing Price and Resident Income Gap

Influence of Transportation Accessibility on Urban-rural income Disparity and Its Spatial Heterogeneity

作者： FAN Hong-zhong ZHANG Ting LI Ming-liang Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Taking the urban population size and urban housing price as the proxy variable of city size,this paper conducts an empirical analysis with the data of CHIPS 2002 and *** is found that the rising of city size and housing prices has important promotion effects on income inequality of city *** main reason is that the wage of migrant workers is separated from the housing price of the cities in which they reside;while their wage level can balance the wage level of the ordinary workers of city residents,making it separate from the urban housing *** the wage of high quality worker of city residents is closely connected with the housing *** combined action of the multy sizes in China’ s urban labor market leads to such a result that the greater the size of cities,the higher the urban housing prices,and the larger the income gap between urban *** means that in the construction of the new urbanization,to limit the over-expansion of such mega-cities as Beijing,Shanghai and so on and to develop the middle and small cities is an effective way to narrow the income gap between urban residents in China.

关键词： city size housing price income gap

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Chinese Geographical Science 2024年第3期34卷 453-467页

作者： HUANG Xiaoyan KANG Chenchen YIN Chun TANG Junqing Northwest Land and Resources Research Center Global Regional and Urban Research InstituteShaanxi Normal UniversityXi’an 710119China School of Resource and Environmental Sciences Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430079China International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health(ISLE) Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430079China School of Urban Planning and Design Shenzhen Graduate SchoolPeking UniversityShenzhen 518055China Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Human-Earth Relations of Ministry of Natural Resources of China Shenzhen Graduate SchoolPeking UniversityShenzhen 518055China

Transportation accessibility has been treated as an important means of reducing the urban-rural income ***,only a few studies have examined the effects of different types of transportation accessibility on urban-rural income disparity and their spatial *** on data from 285 prefecture-level(and above)Chinese cities in 2000,2005,2010,2015,and 2020,this study uses spatial econometric models to examine how highway accessibility and railway accessibility influence the urban-rural income disparity and to identify their spatial *** result reveals that highway accessibility and railway accessibility have‘coreperiphery’ring-like circle *** urban-rural income disparity exhibits strong spatial clustering *** highway accessibility and railway accessibility are negatively associated with urban-rural income disparity,and the former having a greater effect ***,there is a substitution effect between highway accessibility and railway accessibility in the whole ***,these associations differ in geographic *** the central region,highway accessibility is more important in reducing the urban-rural income disparity,but its effect is weakened with the increase of railway *** the western region,railway accessibility has a larger effect on narrowing the urban-rural income disparity,and this effect is strengthened by the increase of highway *** conclude that improving transportation accessibility is conducive to reducing the urban-rural income disparity but its effect is spatial *** and railways should be developed in a coordinated manner to promote an integrated transport network system.

关键词： transport accessibility income gap regional divergence spatial heterogeneity urban and rural areas China

Digital Infrastructure and Common Prosperity: An Influence Mechanism and Effect Test

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Contemporary Social Sciences 2024年第5期9卷 1-25页

作者： Deng Liyuan Wang Shuo Tang Daisheng Chengdu University of Technology Shanghai University of Finance and Economics Beijing Jiaotong University

Common prosperity is an important goal of China’s modernization efforts,and narrowing the income gap among different regions and populations is crucial to achieving common *** construction of digital infrastructure has significantly boosted productivity and facilitated the diffusion of technology in less developed regions,leading to notable changes in labor employment and the income gap,which aligns with the goal of common *** paper explores the mechanism through which digital infrastructure influences common prosperity with a focus on employment,using panel data from 30 provinces in China between 2011 and 2021 for an empirical *** research finds that digital infrastructure significantly promotes common *** expanding employment and increasing labor remuneration,the influence of digital infrastructure on common prosperity exhibits regional heterogeneity and a nonlinear threshold *** research suggests that the government should enhance investment in and construction of digital infrastructure,reduce the digital divide through policy support in rural areas,promote digital employment and skills training,and encourage industrial integration and enterprise participation.

关键词： digital infrastructure income gap employment scale labor remuneration common prosperity