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impoverishment of Soil Nutrients in Gully Erosion Areas in Yuanmou Basin

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 2003年第3B期8卷 1034-1040页

作者： Zhang Jian-guo, Li Hui-xia, He Xiao-rong, Sheng Xin-ju, Fan Jian-rong, Zhu BoInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 SichuanChina

The impoverishment of soil nutrients of nine gully head areas in Yuanmou Basin is assessed through an integrated evaluation method established on the basis of Fuzzy mathematics and multivariate mathematical theory. Results show that soil erosion of gully erosion area in Yuanmou basin has resulted in severe impoverishment of soil nutrients. All gully head areas are at high leves of impoverishment except for one at middle. By probing into and analyzing the mechanism of impoverishment of soil nutrients, we find that soil erosion has led to impoverishment of soil nutrients in a way of compacting soil, heightening position of obstacle horizon, and reducing the content of organic matter, as well as the direct loss of nutrient elements. Finally, this paper points out that soil and water conservation arming at the prevention of soil erosion is the most effective way against impoverishment of soil nutrients in Yuanmou basin.

关键词： dry red soil soil erosion soil nutrients impoverishment integrated evaluation

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Out-of-pocket payments and economic consequences from tuberculosis care in eastern China:income inequality

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2020年第1期9卷 26-35页

作者： Yan Liu Cai-Hong Xu Xiao-Mo Wang Zhen-Yu Wang Yan-Hong Wang Hui Zhang Li Wang Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesSchool of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100005China Department of Critical Care Medicine The Second People’s Hospital of Shenzhen&First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityHealth Science CenterShenzhen 518035China National Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention China Center for Disease ControlBeijing 100226China

Background:Despite the availability of free tuberculosis(TB)diagnosis and treatment,TB care still generates substantial costs that push people into *** investigated out-of-pocket(OOP)payments for TB care and assessed the resulting economic burden and economic consequences for those with varying levels of household income in eastern ***:A cross-sectional study was conducted among TB patients in the national TB programme networks in eastern ***-related direct OOP costs,time loss,and coping strategies were investigated across households in different economic *** of Variance was used to examine the differences in various costs,and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare the difference in total costs as a percentage of annual household ***:Among 435 patients,the mean OOP total costs of TB care were USD *** the lower-income quartile,OOP payments were lower,but costs as a percentage of reported annual household income were *** costs and costs prior to treatment accounted for 66.4 and 48.9%of the total costs,*** lower the household income was,the higher the proportion of medical costs to total costs before TB treatment,but the lower the proportion of medical costs patients spent in the intensive *** care caused 25.8%of TB-affected households to fall below the poverty line and caused the poverty gap(PG)to increase by United States Dollar(USD)*** in the poorest households had the highest poverty headcount ratio(70.2%)and PG(USD 236.1),but those in moderately poor households had the largest increase in the poverty headcount ratio(36.2%)and PG(USD 177.8)due to TB *** from poor households were more likely to borrow money to cope with the costs of TB care;however,there were fewer social consequences,except for food insecurity,in poor ***:Medical and pretreatment costs lead to high costs of TB care,especially among patients from the poorest *** is nec

关键词： Out-of-pocket payment Tuberculosis impoverishment Coping strategy Eastern China

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西安市单亲女性的生活质量及贫困化研究

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妇女研究 2015年第6期 61-67页

作者：李武斌薛东前邱婴芝

利用社会调查资料，借鉴生活质量与贫困概念，分析西安市单亲女性群体的生活质量与贫困化现状。研究结果表明：(1)与已婚家庭女性群体相比，她们的客观生活质量和主观生活质量均明显偏低。(2)因为离婚或丧偶，经济收入、健康状况和抚养... 详细信息

利用社会调查资料，借鉴生活质量与贫困概念，分析西安市单亲女性群体的生活质量与贫困化现状。研究结果表明：(1)与已婚家庭女性群体相比，她们的客观生活质量和主观生活质量均明显偏低。(2)因为离婚或丧偶，经济收入、健康状况和抚养子女及住房压力显著影响她们的生活质量。(3)她们的经济满意度、居住满意度和生活总体满意度之间具有显著的正向相关关系。(4)考虑到生活质量，她们已经成为城市贫困中不可忽视的重要群体。分析城市单亲女性群体的生活质量有利于把握其贫困程度。建议，将她们纳入社会保障体系中重点优抚，特别是就业保障和住房保障应成为政府制定政策重点考虑的事项。

关键词：单亲女性生活质量贫困化西安市 single women with children Quality of Life(QOL) impoverishment Xi'an city

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Compensation and benefit sharing: Why resettlement policies and practices must be reformed

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Water Science and Engineering 2008年第1期1卷 89-120页

作者： Michael M. Cernea Anthropology Department the George Washington University 2110 G Street NW Washington D.C. 20052 U.S.A.

Many public and private sector projects, such as hydropower dams or mines, trigger forced population displacement but fail to resettle people sustainably and instead cause their impoverishment. Social science research has found that one root cause of such failures and of impoverishment is asset dispossession and the insufficient financing of resettlement. Most governments, however, state that （1） compensation alone is sufficient for restoring the income and livelihood of those displaced, and （2） resources to supplement compensation with additional financing are not available. The author critiques and rejects these positions. He offers a theoretical analysis of the limits and flaws of compensation payments for expropriated assets, and argues that resources are available for supplementing compensation with financial investments for resettlers＇ development. The sources for supplementary financing are the economic rent （windfall profits） generated by natural resource projects such as hydropower or mining and the regular stream of benefits generated by all projects that require resettlement. Further, the author argues that financial investments in resettlers＇ welfare are indispensable and what benefit sharing is feasible. Therefore, both should become basic principles of resettlement legislation and practice. In addition to theoretical analysis, the author documents with empirical evidence that some countries （China, Brazil, Canada, Columbia and Japan） already make investments additional to compensation for post-displacement reconstruction. The author sums up his argument in these key points：（1） Compensation alone cannot prevent the impoverishment of resettlers and cannot in itself restore and improve their livelihoods; （2） Additional financing is needed for direct investments in resettlement with development; （3） Compensation levels must be increased; （4） Financing resources are available in most cases for investing in resettlers＇ development, but allocation of i

关键词： compensation hydropower dams displacement resettlement risks poverty impoverishment benefit sharing

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