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Sexual deception： Coevolution or inescapable exploitation？

Current Zoology 2014年第1期60卷 52-61页

作者： Jussi LEHTONEN Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Division of Evolution Ecology and Genetics Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Private Bag X01 Scottsville Pietermaritzburg 3209 South Africa

Sexual deception involves the mimicry of another species＇ sexual signals in order to exploit behavioural routines linked to those signals. Known sexually deceptive systems use visual, acoustic or olfactory mimicry to exploit insects for preda- tion, cleptoparasitism and pollination. It is predicted that where sexual deception inflicts a cost on the receiver, a coevolutionary arms race could result in the evolution of discriminating receivers and increasingly refined mimicry. We constructed a conceptual model to understand the importance of trade-offs in the coevolution of sexually deceptive mimic and receiver. Four components examined were： the cost of mimicry, the cost to receiver for being fooled, the density of mimics and the relative magnitude of a mimicry-independent component of fitness. The model predicts that the exploitation of non-discriminating receivers by accurate signal mimicry will evolve as an evolutionary stable strategy under a wide range of the parameter space explored. This is due to the difficulty in minimising the costs of being fooled without incurring the cost of falsely rejecting real mating opportunities. In the model, the evolution of deception is impeded when mimicry imposes substantial costs for both sides of the arms race. Olfac- tory signals that are potentially cheap to produce are therefore likely to be more vulnerable to exploitation than expensive visual ornaments

关键词： Sexual deception Coevolution Arms race Model mimicry imperfect mimicry

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Discriminative predation： Simultaneous and sequential encounter experiments

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Current Zoology 2012年第4期58卷 649-657页

作者： C. D. BEATTY D. W. FRANKS Department of Biology Santa Clara University Santa Clara California USA cbeatty@ scu.edu York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis and Department of Biology and Department of Computer Science University ofYork York YO10 5YW UK

There are many situations in which the ability of animals to distinguish between two similar looking objects can have significant selective consequences. For example, the objects that require discrimination may be edible versus defended prey, predators versus non-predators, or mates of varying quality. Working from the premise that there are situations in which discrimi- nation may be more or less successful, we hypothesized that individuals find it more difficult to distinguish between stimuli when they encounter them sequentially rather than simultaneously. Our study has wide biological and psychological implications from the perspective of signal perception, signal evolution, and discrimination, and could apply to any system where individuals are making relative judgments or choices between two or more stimuli or signals. While this is a general principle that might seem intuitive, it has not been experimentally tested in this context, and is often not considered in the design of models or experiments, or in the interpretation of a wide range of studies. Our study is different from previous studies in psychology in that a） the level of similarity of stimuli are gradually varied to obtain selection gradients, and b） we discuss the implications of our study for specific areas in ecology, such as the level of perfection of mimicry in predator-prey systems. Our experiments provide evidence that it is indeed more difficult to distinguish between stimuli - and to learn to distinguish between stimuli - when they are encountered sequentially rather than simultaneously, even if the intervening time interval is short .

关键词： Receiver psychology Stimulus selection Discrimination imperfect mimicry Predation

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