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The Effects of the Quantum and Finesse Bridles on Equine M. Brachiocephalicus and M. Splenius Function at Three Different Speeds

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2020年第6期10卷 65-79页

作者： Emilie Gertz Katia Gebara Vibeke Elbrønd Adrian Harrison PAS (Physiology) Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

Badly designed and fitted tack induces physiological stress responses in horses, and may compromise animal welfare. Moreover, horses, just like humans, comprise a series of interconnected myofascial lines. However, to date there are no measurements of the effects of horse tack, such as bridles on muscle parameters. This study used acoustic myography to test whether two commercial anatomically designed and fitted bridles, have a measurable and positive effect on both equine muscle-function and performance. A Quantum bridle was tested on 12 icelandic horses, whilst a Finesse bridle was tested on 8 icelandic horses, and results compared with data from a standard bridle (n = 12) tested at the same time and under identical conditions. Sensors were placed on M. Brachiocephalicus and M. Splenius, and the horses exercised following a set protocol at three speeds. The results revealed statistically significant improvements in muscle performance as assessed by both the regularity of the recording at each speed, and the number of transient powerful contractions (spikes) for the anatomically designed and fitted bridles, compared with the standard bridle. It is concluded that the effect of anatomically designed bridles can not only be measured in the neck muscles of exercising horses, but that they appear to have a positive effect on muscle performance.

关键词： Horse Exercise Myofascial Lines Welfare icelandic Anatomical Bridle

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Impact of North-South Shift of Azores High on Summer Precipitation over North West Europe

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International Journal of Geosciences 2012年第5期3卷 992-999页

作者： Shahnaz Ali Rashid Muhammad J. Iqbal Muhammad A. Hussain Department of Mathematics University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan Department of Sciences & Humanities National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences (FAST) Karachi Pakistan Institute of Business and Technology Karachi Pakistan

Several Studies demonstrate that North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) influences variability of climate over Europe. As NAO is has significant influence on climate of Europe during boreal cold season (November to April), we use the centers of action approach for the study of summer precipitation (June to August) variability over Europe, taking into account variations in the components of the NAO North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Azores High and the icelandic Low pressure systems. This study shows that north-south shifts of the Azores High has significant impact on interannual variations of summer precipitation over North West Europe, there being more precipitation when the Azores High shifts southward versus when it is northward. Thus this article demonstrate that when the Azores High system is to the south there is flux of moist and warm air from the Atlantic into NW Europe. We present a regression model for summer precipitation over North-west in which the Azores High latitude and the icelandic low longitude are independent variables and it explains 53 percent of the variance of precipitation during 1952-2002, a significant enhancement over the NAO value of R2 = 0.10.

关键词： NAO COA Azores High Pressure icelandic Low Pressure

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