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Review on Hydrogen embrittlement of Press-hardened Steels for Automotive Applications

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2023年第7期36卷 1123-1143页

作者： Z.Wang Q.Lu Z.H.Cao H.Chen M.X.Huang J.F.Wang General Motors China Science Lab Shanghai201206China Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong KongPokfulam RoadHong Kong999077China Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China

Press-hardened steel(PHS)with an ultimate tensile strength(UTS)of 1500 MPa has been widely used in automotive body-in-white in the last two decades,due to its ultra-high strength and excellent formability that is achieved by hot stamping process.However,the application of PHS with UTS exceeding 1500 MPa in automotive industry could be deferred due to the increased risk of Hydrogen embrittlement.To reduce this kind of risk,recent research efforts have been focused on various ways to optimize the microstructure of PHS.The present review intends to summarize these efforts,to highlight present solutions to address Hydrogen embrittlement,and to shed light on directions for future improvement.The influence of microstructure on the Hydrogen embrittlement of PHS has been discussed in terms of both the steel substrate and the surface condition.The substrate part covers the influence of martensite,carbides,inclusions,and retained austenite,while the surface part covers decarburization and oxidation,pre-coating,and trimming.

关键词： Hot stamping Press-hardened steels Coating-free Hydrogen embrittlement Fracture Al-Si coating

Ab Initio Investigations for the Role of Compositional Complexities in Affecting hydrogen Trapping and Hydrogen embrittlement:A Review

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2023年第7期36卷 1159-1172页

作者： Boning Zhang Yong Mao Zhenbao Liu Jianxiong Liang Jun Zhang Maoqiu Wang Jie Su Kun Shen Advanced Computing Center School of Materials and EnergyYunnan UniversityKunming650091China Institute for Special Steel Research Central Iron and Steel Research InstituteBeijing100081China Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China School of Science China University of GeosciencesBeijing100083China

ydrogen embrittlement(HE)seriously restricts the service safety of structural metallic materials applicate in aerospace,ocean,and transportation.Recent studies aiming at increasing the HE-resistance have been focusing on trapping diffusible H atoms by inherent microstructural features in materials.Alloying-induced compositional complexities,including different types of solute atoms,lattice chemical heterogeneities,and carbide precipitates,have attracted research efforts regarding the H trapping capabilities and potential to reduce the susceptibility to HE.In this paper,we review recent progress in exploiting compositional complexities to regulate the hydrogen trapping characteristics and mechanical properties in H-containing environments.The focus is placed on results and insights from ab initio calculations based on density functional theory(DFT).Quantitative predictions of trapping parameters and atomic scale details that are hardly to be gained through traditional experimental characterizations are provided.Additionally,we overview the electronic/atomistic mechanisms of H trapping energetics in metallic materials.Finally,we propose some key challenges and prospects in simulation of defect interactions,interpretation of experimental characterizations,and developing microstructure-based H diffusion prediction models.For the applications of first principle calculations,we illustrate how the DFT data can complement experimental characterizations to guide composition and microstructure design for better HE-resistant materials.

关键词： Ab initio calculations hydrogen trapping Hydrogen embrittlement Precipitation Composition design

Enhancing the Hydrogen embrittlement Resistance of Medium Mn Steels by Designing Metastable Austenite with a Compositional Core-shell Structure

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2023年第7期36卷 1059-1077页

作者： Jun Zhang Binhan Sun Zhigang Yang Chi Zhang Hao Chen Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety Ministryof EducationSchool of Mechanical and Power EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai 200237China

Deformation-induced martensite transformation from metastable retained austenite is one of the most efficient strain-hardening mechanisms contributing to the enhancement of strength-ductility synergy in advanced high-strength steels.However,the hard transformation product(often-martensite)and the H redistribution associated with phase transformation essentially decrease materials’resistance to Hydrogen embrittlement.To solve this fundamental conflict,we introduce a new microstructure architecting strategy based on an accurately design of core–shell compositional distribution inside the austenite phase.We employed this approach in a typical medium Mn steel(8 wt.%Mn)with an ultrafine grained austenite-ferrite microstructure.We produced a high Mn content(15–16 wt.%)in the austenite shell region and a low Mn content(~12 wt.%)in the core region,through a thermodynamics-guided two-step austenite reversion treatment.During room-temperature deformation,the austenite core transforms continuously starting from a low strain,providing a high and persistent strain-hardening rate.The transformation of Mn-rich austenite shell,on the other hand,occurs only at the latest regime of the deformation,thus effectively inhibiting the nucleation of H-induced cracks at ferrite/deformation-induced martensite interfaces as well as suppressing their growth and percolation.This step-wise transformation,tailored directly targeted to protect the hydrogen-sensitive microstructure defects(interfaces),results in a significantly enhanced Hydrogen embrittlement resistance without sacrificing the mechanical performance in hydrogen-free condition.The design of compositional core–shell structure is expected to be applicable to,at least,other multiphase advanced high-strength steels containing metastable austenite.

关键词： Medium Mn steels Hydrogen embrittlement Core-shell austenite Chemical heterogeneity Deformationinduced martensite transformation

Effects of hydrogen Charging Time and Pressure on the Hydrogen embrittlement Susceptibility of X52 Pipeline Steel Material

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2024年第2期37卷 293-307页

作者： Hong-Jiang Wan Xiao-Qi Wu Hong-Liang Ming Jian-Qiu Wang En-Hou Han School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of ChinaShenyang110016China CAS Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment Institute of Metal ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China School of Materials Science and Engineering Northeastern UniversityShenyang110819China Institute of Corrosion Science and Technology Guangzhou510530China

The effects of hydrogen charging time and pressure on the Hydrogen embrittlement(HE)susceptibility of X52 pipeline steel material are studied by slow strain rate tensile tests.The fracture morphologies of the specimens are observed by scanning electron microscopy.The HE susceptibility of the X52 pipeline steel material increases with an increase in both hydrogen charging time and hydrogen pressure.At a charging time of 96 h,the HE susceptibility index reaches 45.86%,approximately 3.6 times that at a charging time of 0 h.Similarly,a charging pressure of 4 MPa results in a HE susceptibility index of 31.61%,approximately 2.5 times higher than that at a charging pressure of 0.3 MPa.

关键词： Hydrogen embrittlement X52 pipeline steel material Tubular specimen hydrogen charging time hydrogen charging pressure

Effects of laser powder bed fusion process parameters on microstructure and Hydrogen embrittlement of high-entropy alloy

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2023年第24期155卷 211-226页

作者： Hongxu Cheng Hong Luo Zhimin Pan Xuefei Wang Qiancheng Zhao Yu Fu Xiaogang Li National Materials Corrosion and Protection Data Center Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection of The Ministry of Education (MOE) Beijing 100083 China

Hydrogen embrittlement behavior, micro-deformation, and crack propagation mechanism of CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy (HEA) fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) under different parameters were investigated by slow strain rate tensile tests (at room temperature) with/without electrochemical hydrogen pre-charging. The LPBF CoCrFeNiMn HEA shows excellent resistance to Hydrogen embrittlement. Unsuitable LPBF parameters are accompanied by many microcracks and holes, resulting in a slight decrease in the Hydrogen embrittlement resistance of the material. The electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), electron channeling contrast image (ECCI) techniques, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were carried out to research the main influencing factors of hydrogen on the deformation mechanism and crack propagation. Compared with un-charged samples, a larger number of deformation twins (DTs) appear in the deformation process of hydrogen-charged LPBF CoCrFeNiMn, attributing to the reduction of stacking fault energy (SFE) due to the ingress of hydrogen. The nano DTs and crossing twin system contribute to the extra work hardening, and a strain hardening platform is observed for all hydrogen-charged samples, resulting in the increase of strain hardening rate or the mitigation of the loss of strain hardening. Although unsuitable process parameters will trigger fabrication defects and reduce mechanical properties, the cellular structure can bring a hydrogen-induced strain hardening platform for LPBF CoCrFeNiMn to reduce the damage caused by Hydrogen embrittlement.

关键词： Laser powder bed fusion High-entropy alloy Hydrogen embrittlement Deformation mechanism

Hydrogen embrittlement of Advanced High-Strength Steel for Automobile Application:A Review

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2023年第7期36卷 1144-1158页

作者： Ming-Tu Ma Ke-Jian Li Yu Si Peng-Jun Cao Hong-Zhou Lu Ai-Min Guo Guo-Dong Wang State Key Laboratory of Vehicle NVH and Safety Technology Chongqing 401122China China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co. Ltd.Chongqing 401122China School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Chongqing University of Science&TechnologyChongqing 401331China CITIC Metal Co.Ltd Beijing 100004China RAL of Dongbei University Shenyang 110819China

The Hydrogen embrittlement(HE)fracture of advanced high-strength steels used in lightweight automobiles has received increasing public attention.The source,transmission,and movement of hydrogen,characterization parameters,and test methods of HE,as well as the characteristics and path of HE fractures,are introduced.The mechanisms and modes of crack propagation of HE and hydrogen-induced delayed fracture are reviewed.The recent progress surrounding micro and macro typical fracture characteristics and the influencing factors of HE are discussed.Finally,methods for improving HE resistance can be summarized as follows:(1)reducing crystalline grain and inclusion sizes(oxides,sulfides,and titanium nitride),(2)controlling nano-precipitates(niobium carbide,titanium carbide,and composite precipitation),and(3)increasing residual austenite content under the reasonable tension strength of steel.

关键词： Hydrogen embrittlement High-strength steel hydrogen-induced delayed cracking hydrogen trapping Residual austenite

Enhanced Hydrogen embrittlement Resistance via Cr Segregation in Nanocrystalline Fe-Cr Alloys

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2023年第12期36卷 1925-1935页

作者： Linshuo Dong Feiyang Wang Hong-Hui Wu Mengjie Gao Penghui Bai Shuize Wang Guilin Wu Junheng Gao Xiaoye Zhou Xinping Mao Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering Innovation Research Institute for Carbon NeutralityUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China Institute of Steel Sustainable Technology Liaoning Academy of MaterialsShenyang 110004China Department of Materials Science and Engineering Shenzhen MSU-BIT UniversityShenzhen 518172China

hydrogen is a clean fuel with numerous sources,yet the hydrogen industry is plagued by Hydrogen embrittlement(HE)issues during the storage,transportation,and usage of hydrogen gas.HE can compromise material performance during service,leading to significant safety hazards and economic losses.In the current work,the influence of element Cr on the HE resistance of nanocrystalline Fe-Cr alloys under different hydrogen concentrations and strain rates was evaluated.With hybrid Monte Carlo(MC)and molecular dynamics(MD)simulations,it was found that Cr atoms were segregated at grain boundaries(GB)and inhibited the GB decohesion.Correspondingly,Cr segregation improved the strength and plasticity of the nanocrystalline Fe-Cr alloys,especially the HE resistance.Moreover,the Cr segregation reduced the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen and inhibited hydrogen-induced cracking.This work provided new insight into the development of iron-based alloys with high HE resistance in the future.

关键词： Hydrogen embrittlement Molecular dynamics simulations Cr segregation Grain boundary Nanocrystalline materials

Competitive role of film-like austenite and transition carbides on Hydrogen embrittlement resistance and impact toughness in bainite-containing quenched and partitioned steel

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International) 2023年第4期30卷 782-794页

作者： Kai Yang Yi Luo Wei Li Li Wang Zhong-qu Sun Jun-liang Liu Xue-jun Jin Bao Steel-SJTU Joint Research Center of Future Steels School of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites School of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China State Key Lab of Development and Application Technology of Automotive Steels(Bao Steel) Research Institute(R&D Center)Baoshan Iron&Steel Co.Ltd.Shanghai 200240China

A microstructure composed of martensite matrix,lower bainite,and stable film-like austenite was designed by a quenching and isothermal bainitic holding process in a 0.30C–2.69Mn–1.71Si(wt.%)steel.The yield strength,tensile strength,and ductile-to-brittle transition temperature(DBTT)of the high-strength steel thus obtained were 1263 MPa,1521 MPa,and-33℃,respectively,and at-20℃,it showed superior low-temperature toughness,which reached 77.5 J/cm^(2).Meanwhile,it showed excellent Hydrogen embrittlement(HE)resistance,and the total elongation loss is only 3.1%after 15 min of hydrogen charging.The excellent comprehensive performance is attributed to the fact that fine stable austenite with film-like morphology hindered the crack nucleation and propagation,and hindered hydrogen diffusion as a hydrogen trap.However,with a decrease in the isothermal temperature,transition carbide precipitation was accompanied by a further decrease in austenite grain size.For this condition,although transition carbides can act as effective hydrogen traps,excessive precipitation decreased the carbon content of retained austenite and increased the deformation heterogeneity between austenite and martensite matrix,leading to weakened austenite stability and HE resistance,a total elongation loss of approximately 39%(15 min hydrogen charging),a sharp decrease in impact toughness,and an increase in DBTT.The competitive role of film-like austenite and transition carbides on the comprehensive mechanical performance of steel is revealed,especially the suppression of crack nucleation and propagation that will provide a guide for the design of high strength steels with excellent impact toughness and HE resistance.

关键词： Quenched and partitioned steel Isothermal bainite transformation Transition carbide Hydrogen embrittlement Impact toughness

Improving Hydrogen embrittlement resistance of a modified press hardening steel by introducing retained austenite as hydrogen trap

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International) 2022年第11期29卷 1864-1872页

作者： Wei Ding Kai Yang Yu Gong Li Wang Ji-yao Hong Wei Li Xue-jun Jin Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Laser Processing and Modification Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China Institute of Advanced Steels and Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China State Key Laboratory of Development and Application Technology of Automotive Steels BaoSteel Research InstituteShanghai 201900China

The effect of retained austenite(RA)with higher mechanical stability on Hydrogen embrittlement resistance of a modified 22MnB5(C 0.22,Si 0.8,Mn 1.5,B 0.002,Fe balance,in wt.%)press hardening steel(PHS)has been studied.One-step quenching and partitioning(Q&P)treatment was applied to PHS,and around 6 vol.%ultra-fine RA was obtained.The ultra-fine RA was found to act as stronger hydrogen trap than dislocations and grain boundaries in martensitic matrix and can decrease the apparent diffusion coefficient of hydrogen from 5.97×10^(-7) to 3.83×10^(-7) cm^(2) s^(-1),which was verified by the combination of thermal desorption spectroscopy analysis and hydrogen permeation test.The higher mechanical stability of the ultrafine RA assures enough stability of the hydrogen trap,which results in better Hydrogen embrittlement resistance in Q&P-treated PHS than the conventional directly quenched PHS.

关键词： Hydrogen embrittlement Press hardening steel Quenching and partitioning Retained austenite Thermal desorption spectroscopy hydrogen permeation