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Investigation on synergistic deposition of wax and hydrates in waxy water-in-oil(W/O) flow systems

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Petroleum Science 2022年第4期19卷 1840-1852页

作者： Yang Liu Xiao-Fang Lv Qian-Li Ma Shi-Dong Zhou Bo-Hui Shi Hui Du Yun Lei Peng-Fei Yu Shang-Fei Song Jing Gong Bing-Cai Sun Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation Technology Changzhou UniversityChangzhouJiangsu213164China Institute of Petroleum Engineering Technology Sinopec Northwest Oil Field CompanyUrumqiXinjiang830011China National Engineering Laboratory for Pipeline Safety/State Key Laboratory of Natural Gas Hydrate China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing102249China CNPC Safety and Environmental Protection Technology Research Institute Co.Ltd Beijing102206China

Elucidating the synergistic effect of wax and hydrates, involving formation, aggregation and deposition,is imperative to the operation and transportation safety for offshore petroleum fields. To understand the characteristics and mechanism of synergistic deposition of wax and hydrates, flow and deposition experiments of systems with different wax contents(0-2.89 wt%), initial flow rates, pressures and temperatures were conducted in a high pressure visual flow loop. According to the flow rate and pressure drop data as well as the visual window observation, four different types of plugging scenarios of waxhydrate coexisting systems with different flow properties and wall deposition state were summarized,including rapid plugging, transition plugging, gradual plugging type I and gradual plugging type *** with the wax-free system after hydrate formation, even with the addition of anti-agglomerant(AA) with the same concentration, wax-hydrate coexisting systems could not reach stable hydrate slurry flow state, indicating that the existence of wax deteriorated the performance of AA. Aside from the influence of wax crystals on hydrate agglomeration, it was found that wax deposition layer would alter the adhesion and bedding of hydrates, resulting in the variation of flow properties and wall deposition *** low wax content systems(0.75 wt%) where rapid plugging occurred, the synergistic effect between wax and hydrates promoted the formation of wax-hydrate coupling aggregates, resulting in severe local deposition when the coupling aggregates attained critical deposition size and consequently decreasing flow rate, forming a vicious circle of decreasing transportability. Since bedding of coupling aggregates was hindered by the uniformly coated wax deposition layer on pipe wall, gradual plugging rather than rapid plugging occurred in medium wax content systems(1-1.25 wt%), predominately caused by the gradual increment in viscosity of waxy hydrate slurry. For relative

关键词： Flow assurance Wax hydrates Flow properties Synergistic deposition

Methane hydrates:A future clean energy resource

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2019年第9期27卷 2026-2036页

作者： Zhenyuan Yin Praveen Linga Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore117585Singapore Lloyd's Register Singapore Pte.Ltd. 138522Singapore

Natural gas has been considered as the best transition fuel into the future carbon constraint *** ever-increasing demand for natural gas has prompted expanding research and development activities worldwide for exploring methane hydrates as a future energy *** its vast global resource volume(~3000 trillion cubic meter CH4)and high energy storage capacity(170 CH4 v/v methane hydrate),recovering energy from naturally-occurring methane hydrate has attracted both academic and industry interests to demonstrate the technical feasibility and economic *** this review paper,we highlight the recent advances in fundamental researches,seminal discoveries and implications from ongoing drilling programs and field production tests,the impending knowledge gaps and the future perspectives of recovering energy from methane *** further emphasize the current scientific,technological and economic challenges in realizing long-term commercial gas production from methane hydrate *** continuous growth of the corresponding experimental studies in China should target these specific challenges to narrow the knowledge gaps between laboratory-scale investigations and reservoir-scale ***,we briefly discuss both the environmental and geomechanical issues related to exploiting methane hydrate as the future energy resource and believe that they should be of paramount importance in the future development of novel gas production technologies.

关键词： Methane hydrates Energy recovery Gas production Energy resource Recent advance Future outlook

Experimental Verification on Conversion Mechanism of Calcium Aluminate Cement hydrates

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China's Refractories 2019年第2期28卷 27-30页

作者： ZHANG Yang GU Wenjing LIU Kun DING Dafei WANG Qingfeng YE Guotian Henan Key Laboratory of High Temperature Functional Ceramics School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450001China Department of Materials Science and Engineering Luoyang Institute of Science and TechnologyNo.90 Wangcheng AvenueLuoyang 471000China

Calcium aluminate cement(CAC)is a commonly used binder for refractory *** has been a long-running debate on the transformation mechanisms of calcium aluminate cement hydrates through solid-state reaction or *** order to demonstrate the conversion mechanism of CaO Al2O310H2O(CAH10)to 3CaO Al2O36H2O(C3AH6)and Al2O33H2O(AH3),the CAC pastes cured at 10℃to produce CAH10 was further cured at 60℃with and without free *** hydration of the pastes was halted by freezing-drying,and the phases and microstructure of hydrates were investigated by XRD and SEM,*** results indicate that CAH10 converts into C3AH6 and AH3 in water presence at 60℃,but does not transform into C3AH6 and AH3 without water,demonstrating that conversion of CAH10 into C3AH6 and AH3 does not happen through solid-state reaction,but takes place through preceding dissolution of CAH10 and subsequent precipitation of AH3 and C3AH6 from the solution.

关键词： calcium aluminate cement hydrates conversion

Assessment of Hazards in Gas hydrates Recovery

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Open Journal of Yangtze Oil and Gas 2019年第4期4卷 231-239页

作者： Chinedu E.Ejike Department of Petroleum Engineering Federal University of Technology OwerriOwerriNigeria

Gas hydrates are whitish balls containing enormous amount of methane gas at deep marine *** energy source will account for future energy needs as it is said to be twice the value of all recoverable energy sources tapped till *** are formed as a result of biogenic and thermogenic matters coupled with deep water conditions such as excessive pressure and diminishing *** recovery methods have been juxtaposed till date to influence the production of its ***,appropriate assessment of the hazards and shortcomings hindering the large scale production of these reserve needs to be checkmated in order to facilitate the effective development of gas from methane hydrate in a near future.

关键词： Methane Gas hydrates Hazards Recovery Unconventional Energy

The Role of Methane and Methane hydrates in the Evolution of Global Climate

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American Journal of Climate Change 2018年第2期7卷 236-252页

作者： Sarah Kh. Lifshits Vladimir B. Spektor Boris M. Kershengolts Valentin V. Spektor Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Oil and Gas Problems Yakutsk Russia Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Melnikov Permafrost Institute Yakutsk Russia Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone Yakutsk Russia

For the first time, functioning of the planetary climate system is considered in terms of the self-organization laws with account of positive and negative feedbacks. It is shown that the maximum risks in the development of positive feedbacks that can lead the climate system to a planetary catastrophe, are associated with an unprecedented increase in the concentration of methane in the atmosphere. Over the last 30 years, its concentration in the atmosphere has increased by 2.5 times and continues to grow exponentially. In this review, we show that today the principal source for increase of methane concentration in the atmosphere is the self-accelerating decomposition of methane hydrates in the cryosphere of the Northern Hemisphere. In the history of the Earth, the emissions of methane into the atmosphere due to mass decomposition of methane hydrates led to climate-induced biosphere catastrophes. Paleo-reconstruction analysis of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and its temperature over the last 420,000 years has allowed us to conclude that the self-organizing planetary climate system is currently in a state of dynamic chaos (close to the bifurcation point). This means that even a relatively weak impact on it, also of anthropogenic characters, is able to affect the planetary climate system to select its future development trajectory.

关键词： Greenhouse Effect Decomposition of Methane hydrates Permafrost Biosphere Catastrophe Self-Regulation in the Global Climate System

A three-dimensional environmental monitoring system for the production of marine gas hydrates

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China Geology 2018年第4期1卷 570-571页

作者： Zhi-lei Sun Hong Cao Wei Geng Le Zhang Xian-rong Zhang Cui-ling Xu Xin Li Jian-wei Guo Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate (Ministry of natural resources) Qingdao Institute of Marine GeologyQingdao 266100China Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266071China

*** As about 99% of the natural gas hydrate (NGH)resources are stored on the seafloor,it is inevitable that in its process of exploration and production,there will be geohazards such as methane leakage,seabed subsidence,ecosystem damage and even ***,a set of integrated systems for environmental monitoring in the process of NGH production has been proposed in the consideration of environmental disasters that may arise in the process of hydrate production.

关键词： three-dimensional monitoring system hydrates

Hybrid versus global thermostatting in molecular-dynamics simulation of methane-hydrate crystallisation

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2019年第9期27卷 2180-2188页

作者： Niall J.English Mohammad Reza Ghaani School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering University College Dublin

Molecular-dynamics(MD)simulations have been performed for the growth of a spherical methane-hydrate nano-crystallite,surrounded by a supersaturated water–methane liquid phase,using both a hybrid and globalsystem thermostatting *** was found that hybrid thermostatting led to more sluggish growth and the establishment of a radial temperature profile about the spherical hydrate crystallite,in which the growing crystal phase is at a higher temperature than the surrounding liquid phase in the interfacial region,owing to latent-heat *** addition,Onsager’s-hypothesis fluctuation–dissipation analysis of fluctuations in the number of crystal-state water molecules at the interface shows slower growth.

关键词： Molecular dynamics Clathrate hydrates Crystallisation Thermostatting Radial temperature profile Fluctuation–dissipation

Hydrate formation in oil–water systems: Investigations of the influences of water cut and anti-agglomerant

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2020年第2期28卷 369-377页

作者： Guangchun Song Yuxing Li Wuchang Wang Kai Jiang Zhengzhuo Shi Shupeng Yao Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Safety China University of PetroleumQingdao 266580China

To investigate the characteristics of hydrate formation in oil–water systems, a high-pressure cell equipped with visual windows was used where a series of hydrate formation experiments were performed from natural gas + diesel oil + water systems at different water cuts and anti-agglomerant concentrations. According to the temperature and pressure profiles in test experiments, the processes of hydrate formation under two kinds of experimental procedures were analyzed first. Then, based on the experimental phenomena observed through the visual windows, the influences of water cut and anti-agglomerant on the places of hydrate formation and distribution, hydrate morphologies and hydrate morphological evolvements were investigated. Hydrate agglomeration, hydrate deposition and hydrate film growth on the wall were observed in experiments. Furthermore, three different mechanisms for hydrate film growth on the wall were identified. In addition, the influences of water cut and anti-agglomerant on the induction time of hydrate formation were also studied.

关键词： hydrates Formation Oil–water system Water cut Anti-agglomerant

Investigation on the effect of oxalic acid, succinic acid and aspartic acid on the gas hydrate formation kinetics

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2019年第9期27卷 2148-2156页

作者： Sheshan Bhimrao Meshram Omkar S.Kushwaha Palle Ravinder Reddy Gaurav Bhattacharjee Rajnish Kumar Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology

Gas hydrate reserves are potential source of clean energy having low molecular weight hydrocarbons trapped in water *** this work,we report how organic compounds of different chain lengths and hydrophilicities when used in small concentration may modify hydrate growth and either act as hydrate inhibitors or *** promoters foster the hydrate growth kinetics and are used in novel applications such as methane storage as solidified natural gas,desalination of sea water and gas *** the other hand,gas hydrate inhibitors are used in oil and gas pipelines to alter the rate at which gas hydrate nucleates and *** such as methanol and ethanol which form strong hydrogen bond with water have been traditionally used as hydrate ***,due to relatively high volatility a significant portion of these inhibitors ends up in gas stream and brings further complexity to the safe transportation of natural *** this study,organic additives such as oxalic acid,succinic acid and L-aspartic acid(all three)having––COOH group(s)with aspartic acid having an additional––NH2 group,are investigated for gas hydrate promotion/inhibition *** compounds are polar in nature and thus have significant solubility in liquid water;the presence of weak acidic and water loving(carboxylic/amine groups)moieties makes these organic acids an excellent candidate for further *** study would pave ways to identify a novel(read better)promoter/inhibitor for gas hydrate *** thermodynamic conditions were generated in a stirred tank reactor coupled with cooling system;comparison of gas hydrate formation kinetics with and without additives were carried out to identify the effect of these acids on the formation and growth of *** possible mechanisms by which these additives inhibit or promote the hydrate growth are also discussed.

关键词： Flow assurance Gas hydrates kinetics Hydrate promoters Hydrate inhibitors Inhibition mechanism Gas uptake measurement Induction time