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150 Years(1872-2022)of research on deep-water processes,deposits,settings,triggers,and deformation:A difficult domain of progress,dichotomy,diversion,omission,and groupthink

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2022年第4期11卷 469-564页

作者： G.Shanmugam Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTX 76019USA

In capturing a snapshot of 150 years(1872-2022)of research on deep-water processes,deposits,settings,triggers,and deformation,the following 22 topics are selected:(1)*** expedition(1872-1876):The discovering of the“Challenger Deep”by the *** in the Mariana Trench has been the single most important achievement in deep-water research.(2)Five pioneers amid 50 notable contributors:***,***,***,***,and ***.(3)Mass transport:Mass-transport deposits(MTD)are the most important deep-water facies in terms of volume,geohazards,and petroleum reservoirs.(4)Gravity flows:There are six basic types,namely(a)hyperpycnal flows,(b)turbidity currents,(c)debris flows,(d)liquefied/fluidized flows,(e)grain flows,and(f)thermohaline contour *** debrites are the most important petroleum reservoir *** their popularity,turbidites are not an important reservoir facies.(5)Kelvin-Helmholtz(KH)waves:Turbidites,related to KH waves,with internal hiatus are not qualified to function as predictive facies models;nor are they fit for stratigraphic correlations.(6)High-density turbidity currents(HDTC):Misclassification of density-stratified gravity flows with laminar debris flows and turbulent turbidity currents as HDTC is *** generation of density-stratified gravity flows in flume studies has debunked the concept of HDTC.(7)Classification of turbidites:Contrary to the popular groupthink,turbidites are exclusive deposits of turbidity currents.(8)Bottom currents:The four basic types of deep-marine bottom currents are:(a)thermohaline-induced geotropic contour currents,(b)wind-driven bottom currents,(c)tide-driven bottom currents(mostly in submarine canyons),and(d)internal wave/tide-driven baroclinic currents.(9)Classification of contourites:Contrary to the popular groupthink,contourites are the exclusive deposits of thermohaline-induced geotropic contour currents.(10)Tidal currents in submarine canyons:Th

关键词： Mass transport Gravity flows Bottom currents High-density turbidity currents Contour currents Tidal currents Internal waves and tides Kelvin-helmholtz waves hybrid flows The Bouma Sequence Tsunami waves Deflected sediment plumes Basin-floor fans Tutbidite groupthink Bute Inlet(BC Canada) Soft-Sediment Deformation structures(SSDS)

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The turbidite-contourite-tidalite-baroclinite-hybridite problem: orthodoxy vs. empirical evidence behind the “Bouma Sequence”

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2021年第2期10卷 125-156页

作者： G.Shanmugam Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Texas at ArlingtonTX 76019USA

The underpinning problems of deep-water facies still remain unresolved.(1) The Tb, Tc, and Td divisions of the turbidite facies model, with traction structures, are an integral part of the "Bouma Sequence"(Ta, Tb, Tc, Td, Te).However, deposits of thermohaline contour currents, wind-driven bottom currents, deep-marine tidal currents, and baroclinic currents(internal waves and tides) also develop discrete rippled units, mimicking Tc.(2) The application of "cut-out" logic of sequences, which was originally introduced for the "Bouma Sequence", with sharp basal contacts and sandy divisions containing well-developed traction structures, to muddy contorts with gradational basal contacts and an absence of well-developed traction structures is incongruent.(3) The presence of five internal divisions and hiatus in the muddy contoured facies model is in dispute.(4) Intersection of along slope contour currents with down slope sediment-gravity flows, triggering hybrid flows, also develops traction structures.(5) The comparison of genuine hybrid flows with down slope flow transformation of gravity flows is inconsistent with etymology of the term "hybrid".(6) A reexamination of the Annot Sandstone at the Peira Cava type locality in SE France fails to validate either the orthodoxy of five internal divisions of the "Bouma Sequence" or their origin by turbidity currents. For example, the "Ta" division is composed of amalgamated units with inverse grading and floating mudstone clasts, suggesting a mass-transport deposit(MTD). The "Tb" and "Tc" divisions are composed of double mud layers and sigmoidal cross bedding, respectively, which suggest a tidalite origin.(7) Although it was reasonable to introduce a simplistic "Bouma Sequence" in 1962, at a time of limited knowledge on deep-water processes, it is obsolete now in 2021 to apply this model to the rock record amid a wealth of new knowledge.(8)The disconnect between 12 observed, but questionable, modern turbidity currents and over 10,

关键词： Turbidity currents Contour currents Tidal currents Internal waves and tides hybrid flows The Bouma Sequence BCRS(i.e. bottom-current reworked sands)

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