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The evolution of Theory of Mind in the human evolution

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2021年第1期11卷 10-26页

作者： Dingyu Chung Utica MI USA

Despite almost half a century of research for theory of mind, its evolutionary origin is largely unknown. This paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of theory of mind starts from the beginning of the human evolution to form hominins through bipedalism and the mixed habitat. The feet of the early hominins were still adapted for grasping trees rather than walking for long distances and running fast on the ground. The early hominins lived in the mixed habitat of grassy woodland with patches of denser forest, and freshwater springs. The difficulty of walking in the mixed habitat leads to division of labor for the home specialist group (small children, old people, and mothers with small children, and pregnant women) in the safe forest area and the exploration specialist group (young people without the care of small children) in the dangerous open area. The different tasks, attitudes, and mentalities in different specialist groups produce theory of mind as the ability to attribute different mental states to different specialist groups. (Uniformity of mind instead of theory of mind is for generalists without division of labor). The early Homo species with the open habitat developed theory of mind for hunter specialist group and gatherer specialist group. The middle Homo species with complex stone tools developed theory of mind for the cooperative specialist groups in the large production of complex stone tools. The late Homo species with complex social interaction developed theory of mind for mind reading to enhance cooperation and to detect cheaters in complex social interaction. For religion, the unusually harsh Upper Paleolithic Period developed theory of mind for imaginary specialists in terms of supernatural power, guidance, and comfort. Therefore, the three general types of theory of mind are for specialists in division of labor, mind reading in complex social interaction, and imaginary specialists in imaginary division of labor under harsh conditions. Self-awa

关键词： Theory of Mind human evolution evolution of Theory of Mind Religion Self-Awareness Mirror Self-Recognition Test

The Basic Principles of Kin Sociality and Eusociality: human evolution

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Natural Science 2016年第1期8卷 8-19页

作者： Ding-Yu Chung Utica MI USA

The paper posits that kin sociality and eusociality are derived from the handicap-care principles based on the need-based care to the handicappers from the caregivers for the self-interest of the caregivers. In this paper, handicap is defined as the difficulty to survive and reproduce independently. Kin sociality is derived from the childhood handicap-care principle where the children are the handicapped children who receive the care from the kin caregivers in the inclusive kin group to survive. The caregiver gives care for its self-interest to reproduce its gene. The individual’s gene of kin sociality contains the handicapped childhood and the caregiving adulthood. Eusociality is derived from the adulthood handicap-care principle where responsible adults are the handicapped adults who give care and receive care at the same time in the interdependent eusocial group to survive and reproduce its gene. Queen bees reproduce, but must receive care from worker bees that work but must rely on queen bees to reproduce. A caregiver gives care for its self-interest to survive and reproduce its gene. The individual’s gene of eusociality contains the handicapped childhood-adulthood and the caregiving adulthood. The chronological sequence of the sociality evolution is individual sociality without handicap, kin sociality with handicapped childhood, and eusociality with handicapped adulthood. Eusociality in humans is derived from bipedalism and the mixed habitat. The chronological sequence of the eusocial human evolution is 1) the eusocial early hominins with bipedalism and the mixed habitat, 2) the eusocial early Homo species with bipedalism, the larger brain, and the open habitat, 3) the eusocial late Homo species with bipedalism, the largest brain, and the unstable habitat, and 4) extended eusocial Homo sapiens with bipedalism, the shrinking brain, omnipresent imagination, and the harsh habitat. The omnipresence of imagination in human culture converts eusociality into extended

关键词： Kin Sociality Eusociality evolution Kin Selection Group Selection The Handicap-Care Principle human evolution Supernatural Hamilton’s Rule Domestication Shrinking Brain Upper Paleolithic Revolution

Barefoot Benefits: human evolution

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英语世界 2020年第4期 116-118页

作者：重光会

【题解】Barefoot是由bare和foot组成的复合词,可作形容词或副词,义为"赤脚",又作barefooted。标题点名文章内容,从人类进化角度介绍了赤脚走路的好处。Before the first sandals and moccasins;were invented around 40,000 years

关键词：复数形式 Barefoot Benefits 形容词 human evolution

Endocasts-the direct evidence and recent advances in the study of human brain evolution

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2007年第9期17卷 993-1002页

作者： Christopher J.Norton 86011-4099 AZ Beijing 100044 China Flagstaff Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences Laboratory of Quaternary Paleontology Northern Arizona University USA

Brain evolution is one of the most important aspects of human evolution,usually studied through *** of fossil hominid endocasts allows inferences on functional anatomy,physiology,and *** this paper,we describe the general features of endocast studies and review some of the major topics in *** are:absolute and relative brain size evolution;brain shape variation;brain asymmetry and lateralization;middle meningeal vessels and venous sinuses;application of computed tomography and virtual imaging;the history of Chinese brain endocast *** particular,this review emphasizes endocast studies on Chinese hominin fossils.

关键词： endocast human fossil brain evolution cranial capacity human evolution

Astronomical dating of the Xiantai,Donggutuo and Maliang Paleolithic sites in the Nihewan Basin(North China) and implications for early human evolution in East Asia

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Astronomical dating of the Xiantai,Donggutuo and Maliang Pal...

Transgenic rhesus monkeys carrying the human MCPH1 gene copies show human-like neoteny of brain development

中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所第十届(2010年度)学术年会

作者： Mark J.Dekkers Paleomagnetic Laboratory’Fort Hoofddijk’ Department of Earth SciencesFaculty of GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityBudapestlaan 173584 CD UtrechtThe Netherlands

Magnetostratigraphic studies have established a first-order chronological framework for the Paleolithic sites in the Nihewan Basin(North China),which enabled tracking early human evolution in East ***,to fully understand how well early humans were adapted to climate change,a truly precise dating of the Paleolithic sites is ***,we established a high-resolution astronomical timescale for the Xiantai and Donggutuo fluvio-lacustrine successions at the eastern margin of the Nihewan Basin employing low-field magnetic susceptibility(χ)as a climatic indicator,aiming to further refine the ages of the Xiantai, Donggutuo and Maliang Paleolithic *** from an initial age model constrained by geomagnetic reversals,larger-scaleχcycles were firstly tuned to orbital obliquity using an automatic orbital tuning *** first-order tuning was followed by simultaneously tuningχto both obliquity and precession. The finally tunedχrecords can be correlated almost cycle-by-cycle with the quartz grain-size record of the Chinese loess sequence and the marineδO *** astronomically estimated age of the Xiantai Paleolithic site is ca.1.48 Ma,corresponding to paleosol layer Sof the Chinese loess sequences or marine oxygen isotope stage(MIS)49,an interglacial *** astronomical estimate for the Donggutuo Paleolithic site ranges from-1.06 Ma to 1.12 Ma,corresponding to paleosol/loess layers S-Sor MIS 31- 33,spanning both interglacial and glacial *** astronomically estimated age of the Maliang Paleolithic site is-0.79 Ma,corresponding to loess layer L or MIS 20,a glacial *** astronomical finding further implies that early humans may have permanently occupied China as far north as 40°N since at least 1.1 Ma,and before this time the occupation may be intermittent.

关键词： Astronomical chronology Paleolithic site Nihewan Basin Pleistocene human evolution

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National Science Review 2019年第3期6卷 480-493页

作者： Lei Shi Xin Luo Jin Jiang Yongchang Chen Cirong Liu Ting Hu Min Li Qiang Lin Yanjiao Li Jun Huang Hong Wang Yuyu Niu Yundi Shi Martin Styner Jianhong Wang Yi Lu Xuejin Sun Hualin Yu Weizhi Ji Bing Su State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and evolution Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Primate Research Center Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Animal evolution and Genetics Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming College of Life Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research Institute of Primate Translation Medicine Kunming University of Science and Technology Department of Psychiatry University of North CarolinaChapel Hill Department of Computer Science University of North CarolinaChapel Hill Key Laboratory of Animal Models and human Disease Mechanisms Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Medical Imaging the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University Department of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University

Brain size and cognitive skills are the most dramatically changed traits in humans during evolution and yet the genetic mechanisms underlying these human-specific changes remain elusive. Here, we successfully generated 11 transgenic rhesus monkeys(8 first-generation and 3 second-generation) carrying human copies of MCPH1, an important gene for brain development and brain evolution. Brain-image and tissue-section analyses indicated an altered pattern of neural-cell differentiation, resulting in a delayed neuronal maturation and neural-fiber myelination of the transgenic monkeys, similar to the known evolutionary change of developmental delay(neoteny) in humans. Further brain-transcriptome and tissue-section analyses of major developmental stages showed a marked human-like expression delay of neuron differentiation and synaptic-signaling genes, providing a molecular explanation for the observed brain-developmental delay of the transgenic monkeys. More importantly, the transgenic monkeys exhibited better short-term memory and shorter reaction time compared with the wild-type controls in the delayed-matching-to-sample task. The presented data represent the first attempt to experimentally interrogate the genetic basis of human brain origin using a transgenic monkey model and it values the use of non-human primates in understanding unique human traits.

关键词： human evolution brain development MCPH1 transgenic monkey neoteny cognition

Magnetostratigraphic dating of the Huojiadi Paleolithic site in the Nihewan Basin,North China

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Magnetostratigraphic dating of the Huojiadi Paleolithic site...

Magnetostratigraphic age of the Xiantai Paleolithic site in the Nihewan Basin and implications for early human colonization of Northeast Asia

中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所第十届(2010年度)学术年会

作者： Ping Liu,Chenglong Deng~*,Shihu Li,Rixiang Zhu State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric evolution,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,China

The fluvio-lacustrine sequences in the Nihewan Basin,northern China provide important terrestrial archives of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment as well as an important source of Paleolithic settlements and therefore early human occupation in the eastern Old *** dating of the sequences has permitted the precise timing of the basin infilling and associated Paleolithic and mammalian fauna *** we report new magnetostratigraphic results that place stringent age controls on the Huojiadi Paleolithic site in this ***-oxidized magnetite and hematite were identified as the major carriers for the characteristic remanent *** results show that the Huojiadi sequence recorded the very late Matuyama reverse chron and the Jaramillo normal *** stone artifact layer resides in the Jaramillo normal subchron,yielding an estimated age of around 1.0 Ma for the Huojiadi Paleolithic ***,by combining our magnetostratigraphy and previously published magneto-chronology data,a magnetochronological sequence of the early Pleistocene Paleolithic sites in the Nihewan Basin has been *** chronological sequence implies that early humans may have persistently colonized the high-latitude temperate areas in the eastern Old World,such as the Nihewan Basin,during the Early Pleistocene.

关键词： Pleistocene Magnetostratigraphy Huojiadi Paleolithic site Nihewan Basin Brunhes Matuyama Jaramillo human evolution

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Magnetostratigraphic age of the Xiantai Paleolithic site in ...