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Evolution,Extinction,Homology and homoplasy of the Larger Benthic Foraminifera from the Carboniferous to the Present Day,as Exemplified by Planispiral-Fusiform and Discoidal Forms

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Journal of Earth Science 2022年第6期33卷 1348-1361页

作者： Marcelle K.BouDagher-Fadel Office of the Vice-Provost University College LondonLondonWC1H 0BTUK

Examples of evolution,extinction and homoplasy of the larger benthic foraminifera(LBF)occur throughout their *** the Carboniferous,LBF have thrived in carbonate-rich tropical and subtropical shallow-marine shelf *** high abundance and diversity are due primarily to their extraordinary ability to inhabit a range of ecological niches and by hosting a variety of *** relatively large,centimetre-scale sizes,made some forms very specialized and vulnerable to rapid ecological *** this reason,some LBF have shown a tendency to suffer periodically during major extinctions,especially when environmental conditions have changed rapidly and/or ***,however,makes them valuable biostratigraphic microfossils and,in addition,gives invaluable insight into the spatial and temporal process of biological evolution,such as convergent/homoplasy and homology/iterative *** the evolutionary behavior of two important morphological types that occurred throughout the history of the LBF are discussed,namely the planispiral-fusiform test as typified by the fusulinids in the Late Paleozoic and the alveolinids in the Mid-Cretaceous and Neogene,and the three-layered discoid lenticular test as characterized by the orbitoids in the Mid-to Late Cretaceous,the orthophragminids in the Paleogene,and lepidocyclinids in the Oligocene to *** the propensity of these forms to convergent and iterative evolution,with the repeated re-occurrence of certain morphological features,is essential in understanding and constructing their phylogenetic relationships more generally within the main groups of the *** insights gained from the history of these LBF have wider implications,and provide a more general understanding of the impacts of climate and ecological changes as driving forces for biological evolution.

关键词： larger benthic foraminifera extinction homoplasy homology convergent/iterative evolution climate change

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Phylogeny,character evolution,and classification of Selaginellaceae(lycophytes)

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Plant Diversity 2023年第6期45卷 630-684页

作者： Xin-Mao Zhou Li-Bing Zhang School of Ecology and Environmental Science Yunnan UniversityKunming 650504YunnanChina Missouri Botanical Garden 4344 Shaw BlvdSt.LouisMissouri 63110USA Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041SichuanChina

Selaginella is the largest and most taxonomically complex genus in *** fact that over 750 species are currently treated in a single genus makes Selaginellales/Selaginellaceae unique in *** we assembled a dataset of six existing and newly sampled plastid and nuclear loci with a total of 684 accessions(74%increase of the earlier largest sampling)representing ca.300 species to infer a new *** evolution of 10 morphological characters is studied in the new phylogenetic *** major results include:(1)the nuclear and plastid phylogenies are congruent with each other and combined analysis well resolved and strongly supported the relationships of all but two major clades;(2)the Sinensis group is resolved as sister to *** with strong support in two of the three analyses;(3)most morphological characters are highly homoplasious but some characters alone or combinations of characters well define the major clades in the family;and(4)an infrafamilial classification of Selaginellaceae is proposed and the currently defined Selaginella *** split into seven subfamilies(corresponding to the current six subgenera t the Sinensis group)and 19 genera(the major diagnosable clades)with nine new species-poor *** support the conservation of Selaginella with a new type,***,to minimize nomenclatural *** provide a key to subfamilies and genera,images illustrating their morphology,their morphological and geographical synopses,a list of constituent species,and necessary new *** new classification will hopefully facilitate communication,promote further studies,and help conservation.

关键词： Generic classification homoplasy Lycophyte phylogeny Megaspore types Microspores Nuclear 18S and 26S genes

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Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from sequences of four mitochondrial genes

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Journal of Systematics and Evolution 2010年第06期48卷 391-425页

作者： Tory A.HENDRY Joseph W.BROWN Geordan T.HUDSON Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan

An angiosperm phylogeny was reconstructed in a maximum likelihood analysis of sequences of four mitochondrial genes,atp1,matR,nad5,and rps3,from 380 species that represent 376 genera and 296 families of seed *** is largely congruent with the phylogeny of angiosperms reconstructed from chloroplast genes atpB,matK,and rbcL,and nuclear 18S *** basalmost lineage consists of Amborella and Nymphaeales(including Hydatellaceae).Austrobaileyales follow this clade and are sister to the mesangiosperms,which include Chloranthaceae,Ceratophyllum,magnoliids,monocots,and *** the exception of Chloranthaceae being sister to Ceratophyllum,relationships among these five lineages are not well *** eudicots,Ranunculales,Sabiales,Proteales,Trochodendrales,Buxales,Gunnerales,Saxifragales,Vitales,Berberidopsidales,and Dilleniales form a basal grade of lines that diverged before the diversification of rosids and *** rosids,the COM(Celastrales-Oxalidales-Malpighiales) clade is sister to malvids(or rosid II),instead of to the nitrogen-fixing clade as found in all previous large-scale molecular analyses of *** and Caryophyllales are members of an expanded asterid *** study shows that the mitochondrial genes are informative markers for resolving relationships among genera,families,or higher rank taxa across *** low substitution rates and low homoplasy levels of the mitochondrial genes relative to the chloroplast genes,as found in this study,make them particularly useful for reconstructing ancient phylogenetic relationships.A mitochondrial gene-based angiosperm phylogeny provides an independent and essential reference for comparison with hypotheses of angiosperm phylogeny based on chloroplast genes,nuclear genes,and non-molecular data to reconstruct the underlying organismal phylogeny.

关键词： angiosperm homoplasy mitochondrial gene molecular evolutionary rate phylogeny rosids.

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中国慈善组织结构的“趋同性”分析及反思

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公共行政 2012年第4期

作者：李莉宋蕾放

作为一种制度性约束，无论在政策意义还是现实价值上，制度环境对慈善组织实际运作和未来发展的影响都非常特殊和值得关注，对慈善组织的制度环境进行研究也具有一定的现实必要性和进步意义。本文从组织社会学中制度学派的视角出发，深... 详细信息

作为一种制度性约束，无论在政策意义还是现实价值上，制度环境对慈善组织实际运作和未来发展的影响都非常特殊和值得关注，对慈善组织的制度环境进行研究也具有一定的现实必要性和进步意义。本文从组织社会学中制度学派的视角出发，深入研究由慈善组织外部制度环境造成的组织结构“趋同意义”现状及其内在作用机制，有针对性地提出走出“趋同性”陷阱的路径，使慈善组织能够在符合制度环境约束的同时，拥有高效率的组织结构模式，从而达到组织在公平与效率上的双赢。

关键词：制度环境慈善组织结构趋同性 institutional environment charity organization structure homoplasy

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