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Cloning, homological analysis and construction of Eg95 Xinjiang strain DNA vaccine

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Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 2003年第4期2卷 545-548页

作者： Ren-Yong Lin Jian-Bing Ding Hao Wen Xinjiang Hydatid Basic Medical Key Lab First Teaching Hospital Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054 China.

OBJECTIVES: To study the structure specificity of Echinococcus granulosus 95 (Eg95) gene and theopen reading frame (ORF) of the full-length cDNA sequence in Xinjiang, northwestern China andconstruct Eg95 Xinjiang strain DNA ***: Primers of Eg95 were designed on the basis of the sequence of Eg95 antigen *** DNA was extracted from E. granulosus protoscoleces (sheep) in Xinjiang. The Eg95 gene andfull-length Eg95 cDNA were amplified by PCR from the genomic DNA and protoscolex cDNA library ofE. granulosus in Xinjiang, respectively. The Eg95 gene was cloned into pUCm-T plasmid and the Eg95cDNA into eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3 for the construction of full-length ORF DNA vaccinepcDNA3-Eg95/XJ. Both Eg95 gene and Eg95 cDNA were sequenced and analyzed by DNAman andNCBI/Blast ***: DNA sequence analysis of Eg95 Xinjiang strain (Eg95/XJ) cDNA fragment indicated thatthe coding region of the full-length of Eg95/XJ was 471bp and that encoding a peptide with 156aa and thegenomic DNA size was 1191bp. homological comparison showed that the ORF of Eg95/XJ cDNA wasidentical to the cDNA sequence of Eg95 reported in the reading frame, but the genomic DNA was anew sequence, named Eg95/XJ and the multiple nucleotide differences, which were represented inEg95/XJ gene in comparison with those of the New Zealand strain, occurred predominantly in thenon-coding regions of the gene. The pcDNA3-Eg95/XJ positive clone was the exact recombinant plasmidand could be used ms a DNA ***: pcDNA3-Eg95/XJ Xinjiang strain DNA vaccine is successfully constructed.

关键词： Echinococcus granulosus Eg95/XJ gene Eg95/XJ cDNA homological analysis

homological Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Demonstrations on the Existence of Superconducting Effects Necessaries to Magnetic Levitation/Suspension

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Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 2013年第6期5卷 255-263页

作者： Francisco Bulnes Antonio álvarez Department of Research in Mathematics and Engineering TESCHA Chalco Mexico Headquarters of Computational System Engineering TESCHA Chalco Mexico

Considering results obtained in magnetic levitation and suspension of the symmetrical bodies are designed and developed several experiments of the electromagnetism that demonstrate the effects of a superconductor necessary to the magnetic levitation/suspension. This generates bases to the development of a reactor to impulse and anti-gravitational magnetic displacement of a vehicle considering the production and transference of Eddy currents on their structure to microscopic level and the effect of auto-levitation/auto-suspension that is obtained with the iso-rotations of the impulse magnetic ring of the proper vehicle.

关键词： Anti-Gravitational Effect Eddy Currents Iso-Rotations Magnetic Levitation Superconductor Reactor homological Electromagnetism

Differential homological Algebra and General Relativity

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Journal of Modern Physics 2019年第12期10卷 1454-1486页

作者： Jean-Francois Pommaret CERMICS Ecole des Ponts Paris Tech Paris France

In 1916, F.S. Macaulay developed specific localization techniques for dealing with “unmixed polynomial ideals” in commutative algebra, transforming them into what he called “inverse systems” of partial differential equations. In 1970, D.C. Spencer and coworkers studied the formal theory of such systems, using methods of homological algebra that were giving rise to “differential homological algebra”, replacing unmixed polynomial ideals by “pure differential modules”. The use of “differential extension modules” and “differential double duality” is essential for such a purpose. In particular, 0-pure differential modules are torsion-free and admit an “absolute parametrization” by means of arbitrary potential like functions. In 2012, we have been able to extend this result to arbitrary pure differential modules, introducing a “relative parametrization” where the potentials should satisfy compatible “differential constraints”. We recently noticed that General Relativity is just a way to parametrize the Cauchy stress equations by means of the formal adjoint of the Ricci operator in order to obtain a “minimum parametrization” by adding sufficiently many compatible differential constraints, exactly like the Lorenz condition in electromagnetism. In order to make this difficult paper rather self-contained, these unusual purely mathematical results are illustrated by many explicit examples, two of them dealing with contact transformations, and even strengthening the comments we recently provided on the mathematical foundations of General Relativity and Gauge Theory. They also bring additional doubts on the origin and existence of gravitational waves.

关键词： homological Algebra Extension Module Torsion-Free Module Pure Module Purity Filtration Involution Electromagnetism General Relativity

Why Gravitational Waves Cannot Exist

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Journal of Modern Physics 2017年第13期8卷 2122-2158页

作者： J.-F. Pommaret CERMICS Ecole des Ponts Paris Tech Paris France

The purpose of this short but difficult paper is to revisit the mathematical foundations of both General Relativity (GR) and Gauge Theory (GT) in the light of a modern approach to nonlinear systems of ordinary or partial differential equations, using new methods from Differential Geometry (D.C. Spencer, 1970), Differential Algebra (J.F. Ritt, 1950 and E. Kolchin, 1973) and Algebraic Analysis (M. Kashiwara, 1970). The main idea is to identify the differential indeterminates of Ritt and Kolchin with the jet coordinates of Spencer, in order to study Differential Duality by using only linear differential operators with coefficients in a differential field K. In particular, the linearized second order Einstein operator and the formal adjoint of the Ricci operator are both parametrizing the 4 first order Cauchy stress equations but cannot themselves be parametrized. In the framework of homological Algebra, this result is not coherent with the vanishing of a certain second extension module and leads to question the proper origin and existence of gravitational waves. As a byproduct, we also prove that gravitation and electromagnetism only depend on the second order jets (called elations by E. Cartan in 1922) of the system of conformal Killing equations because any 1-form with value in the bundle of elations can be decomposed uniquely into the direct sum (R, F) where R is a section of the Ricci bundle of symmetric covariant 2-tensors and the EM field F is a section of the vector bundle of skew-symmetric 2-tensors. No one of these purely mathematical results could have been obtained by any classical approach. Up to the knowledge of the author, it is also the first time that differential algebra in a modern setting is applied to study the specific algebraic feature of most equations to be found in mathematical physics, particularly in GR.

关键词： General Relativity Riemann Tensor Weyl Tensor Ricci Tensor Einstein Equations Elastic Waves Gravitational Waves Lie Groups Lie Pseudogroups Differential Galois Theory Spencer Operator Janet Sequence Spencer Sequence Differential Modules Algebraic Analysis homological Algebra Extension Modules Split Exact Sequence

The Mathematical Foundations of General Relativity Revisited

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Journal of Modern Physics 2013年第8期4卷 223-239页

作者： Jean-Francois Pommaret CERMICS Ecole des Ponts ParisTech Marne-la-Vall_ee Cedex 02 France

The purpose of this paper is to present for the first time an elementary summary of a few recent results obtained through the application of the formal theory of partial differential equations and Lie pseudogroups in order to revisit the mathematical foundations of general relativity. Other engineering examples (control theory, elasticity theory, electromagnetism) will also be considered in order to illustrate the three fundamental results that we shall provide successively. 1) VESSIOT VERSUS CARTAN: The quadratic terms appearing in the “Riemann tensor” according to the “Vessiot structure equations” must not be identified with the quadratic terms appearing in the well known “Cartan structure equations” for Lie groups. In particular, “curvature + torsion” (Cartan) must not be considered as a generalization of “curvature alone” (Vessiot). 2) JANET VERSUS SPENCER: The “Ricci tensor” only depends on the nonlinear transformations (called “elations” by Cartan in 1922) that describe the “difference” existing between the Weyl group (10 parameters of the Poincaré subgroup + 1 dilatation) and the conformal group of space-time (15 parameters). It can be defined without using the indices leading to the standard contraction or trace of the Riemann tensor. Meanwhile, we shall obtain the number of components of the Riemann and Weyl tensors without any combinatoric argument on the exchange of indices. Accordingly and contrary to the “Janet sequence”, the “Spencer sequence” for the conformal Killing system and its formal adjoint fully describe the Cosserat equations, Maxwell equations and Weyl equations but General Relativity is not coherent with this result. 3) ALGEBRA VERSUS GEOMETRY: Using the powerful methods of “Algebraic Analysis”, that is a mixture of homological agebra and differential geometry, we shall prove that, contrary to other equations of physics (Cauchy equations, Cosserat equations, Maxwell equations), the Einstein equations cannot be “parametrized”, that is the ge

关键词： General Relativity Riemann Tensor Weyl Tensor Ricci Tensor Einstein Equations Lie Groups Lie Pseudogroups Differential Sequence Spencer Operator Janet Sequence Spencer Sequence Differential Module homological Algebra Extension Modules Split Exact Sequence

The Mathematical Foundations of Gauge Theory Revisited

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Journal of Modern Physics 2014年第5期5卷 157-170页

作者： Jean-Francois Pommaret CERMICS Ecole des Ponts ParisTech 77455 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 02 France

We start recalling with critical eyes the mathematical methods used in gauge theory and prove that they are not coherent with continuum mechanics, in particular the analytical mechanics of rigid bodies (despite using the same group theoretical methods) and the well known couplings existing between elasticity and electromagnetism (piezzo electricity, photo elasticity, streaming birefringence). The purpose of this paper is to avoid such contradictions by using new mathematical methods coming from the formal theory of systems of partial differential equations and Lie pseudo groups. These results finally allow unifying the previous independent tentatives done by the brothers E. and F. Cosserat in 1909 for elasticity or H. Weyl in 1918 for electromagnetism by using respectively the group of rigid motions of space or the conformal group of space-time. Meanwhile we explain why the Poincaré duality scheme existing between geometry and physics has to do with homological algebra and algebraic analysis. We insist on the fact that these results could not have been obtained before 1975 as the corresponding tools were not known before.

关键词： Gauge Theory Curvature Torsion Maurer-Cartan Forms Maurer-Cartan Equations Lie Groups Lie Pseudo Groups Differential Sequence Janet Sequence Spencer Sequence Differential Module homological Algebra Extension Modules

Minkowski, Schwarzschild and Kerr Metrics Revisited

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Journal of Modern Physics 2018年第10期9卷 1970-2007页

作者： J.-F. Pommaret CERMICS Ecole des Ponts ParisTech Paris France

In recent papers, a few physicists studying Black Hole perturbation theory in General Relativity (GR) have tried to construct the initial part of a differential sequence based on the Kerr metric, using methods similar to the ones they already used for studying the Schwarzschild geometry. Of course, such a differential sequence is well known for the Minkowski metric and successively contains the Killing (order 1), the Riemann (order 2) and the Bianchi (order 1 again) operators in the linearized framework, as a particular case of the Vessiot structure equations. In all these cases, they discovered that the compatibility conditions (CC) for the corresponding Killing operator were involving a mixture of both second order and third order CC and their idea has been to exhibit only a minimal number of generating ones. Unhappily, these physicists are neither familiar with the formal theory of systems of partial differential equations and differential modules, nor with the formal theory of Lie pseudogroups. Hence, even if they discovered a link between these differential sequences and the number of parameters of the Lie group preserving the background metric, they have been unable to provide an intrinsic explanation of this fact, being limited by the technical use of Weyl spinors, complex Teukolsky scalars or Killing-Yano tensors. The purpose of this difficult computational paper is to provide differential and homological methods in order to revisit and solve these questions, not only in the previous cases but also in the specific case of any Lie group or Lie pseudogroup of transformations. These new tools, which are now available as computer algebra packages, question the mathematical foundations of GR and the origin of gravitational waves.

关键词： General Relativity Killing Operator Riemann Tensor Weyl Tensor Bianchi Identities Lie Algebroid Differential Sequence Differential Module homological Algebra Extension Modules