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STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF THE KULU-RAMPUR AND LARJI WINDOW ZONES, WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA

地学前缘 2000年第S1期7卷 9-9页

作者： Anand Kumar Pandey 1, N.S.Virdi 2, V.K.Gairola 3, J.P.Burg 1(1 Institute of Geology, ETH\|Zurich, 8092\|Zurich,Switzerland 2 Wadia Institute of himalayan Geology, Dehradun\|248001,India 3.Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi

The Kulu\|Rampur and Larji windows in the western Himalaya make a window in window structure in the Lesser Himalaya between the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Central Thrust (MCT). The former constituted of late Archean Rampur Group with middle Proterozoic intrusive Bandal Granite Complex has been thrusted on to the younger Larji Group (Riphean) along a splay thrust making the latter a window in window structure. Both the sequences have recorded multiple deformation during the himalayan orogeny. Five sets of himalayan structures have been recognised. The first deformation event (D 1) was responsible for large isoclinal, (recumbent) folds (F 1) which are older than the onset of himalayan thrusting. Presently, the Rampur Group constitutes the antiform and the Larji Group occupies a synformal position of F 1 folds. The parautochthons of the window zone has been covered by the Chail and Jutogh nappes along the Chail and Jutogh thrusts during D 2. Thrusting was followed by F 3 folding during D 3 deformation. This fold can be recognised in form of Rampur Antiform and corresponding Nirath\|Pandoh Synform with NW—SE axial trend. The Chail and Jutogh nappes are folded along with the parautochthonous rocks of window zone by this folding event. The out\|of\|sequence imbrication and the splay thrusts in the hanging wall of the MBT were initiated during D 3. The F 3 are overprinted by cross folding (F 4) of D 4 deformation, which is responsible for the doubly plunging character of the window zones. Cross folding was followed by D 5 extensional faulting and collapse of the hanging wall in out\|of\|sequence shear zones. The D 5 extensional fabrics are attributed to gravity collapse in the hanging wall of the MBT.

关键词： tectonic windows himalayan deformation MBT hanging wall splay thrust

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An overview of studies of observed climate change in the Hindu Kush himalayan (HKH) region

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2017年第3期8卷 141-147页

作者： YOU Qing-Long REN Guo-Yu ZHANG Yu-Qing REN Yu-Yu SUN Xiu-Bao ZHAN Yun-Jian Arun Bhakta SHRESTHA Raghavan KRISHNAN Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD) Nanjing University of Information Science Laboratory for Climate Studies National Climate Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China Department of Atmospheric Science School of Environmental Studies China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu 3226 Nepal Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pune 411008 India

The Hindu Kush himalayan (HKH hereafter) region is characterized by mountainous environments and a variety of regional climatic conditions. High-altitude regions in the HKH have the recent warming amplifications, especially during the global warming hiatus period. The rapid warming cause solid state water (snow, ice, glacier, and permafrost) to shrink, leading to increase in meltwater and there have been found more frequent incidences of flash floods, landslides, livestock diseases, and other disasters in the HKH region. Increasing awareness of climate change over the HKH region is reached a consensus. Meanwhile, the HKH region is often referred to as the water towers of Asia as many highaltitude regions store its water in the form of snow and/or glacier, feeding ten major large rivers in Asia. Therefore, the impacts of climate change on water availability in these river basins have huge influences on the livelihood of large number of population, especially in downstream regions. However, the scarcity of basic hydro-meteorological observations particularly in high-altitude regions of HKH limits rigorous analysis of climate change. Most studies used reanalysis data and/or model-reconstructed products to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of hydro-meteorological processes, especially for extreme events. In this study, we review recent climate change in the HKH region, and the scientific challenges and research recommendations are suggested for this high-altitude area.

关键词： Climate change Hindu Kush himalayan Tibetan Plateau Hydrological cycles

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Observed changes in surface air temperature and precipitation in the Hindu Kush himalayan region over the last 100-plus years

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2017年第3期8卷 148-156页

作者： REN Yu-Yu REN Guo-Yu SUN Xiu-Bao Arun Bhakta SHRESTHA YOU Qing-Long ZHAN Yun-Jian Rupak RAJBHANDARI ZHANG Pan-Feng WEN Kang-Min Laboratory for Climate Studies National Climate Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China Department of Atmospheric Science School of Environmental Studies China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China College of Atmospheric Science Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology Nanjing 210044 China International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu 3226 Nepal National Meteorological Information Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China Department of Meteorology Tri-Chandra Campus Tribhuvan University Kathmandu 3226 Nepal

In this paper, we analyzed the long-term changes in temperature and precipitation in the Hindu Kush himalayan (HKH) region based on climate datasets LSAT-V1.1 and CGP1.0 recently developed by the China Meteorological Administration. The analysis results show that during 1901e2014 the annual mean surface air temperature over the whole HKH has undergone a significant increasing trend. We determined the change rates in the mean temperature, mean maximum temperature, and mean minimum temperature to be 0.104 C per decade, 0.077 C per decade, and 0.176 C per decade, respectively. Most parts of the HKH have experienced a warming trend, with the largest increase occurring on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and south of Pakistan. The trend of precipitation for the whole HKH is characterized by a slight decrease during 1901e2014. During 1961e2013, however, the trend of the annual precipitation shows a statistically significant increase, with a rate of 5.28% per decade and has a more rapid increase since the mid-1980s. Most parts of northern India and the northern TP have experienced a strong increase in the number of precipitation days (daily rainfall 1 mm), whereas Southwest China and Myanmar have experienced a declining trend in precipitation days. Compared to the trends in precipitation days, the spatial pattern of trends in the precipitation intensity seems to be more closely related to the terrain, and the higher altitude areas have shown more significant upward trends in precipitation intensity during 1961e2013.

关键词： Climate change Temperature Precipitation Trend Hindu Kush himalayan Tibetan Plateau

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Projected changes in mean and extreme climates over Hindu Kush himalayan region by 21 CMIP5 models

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2017年第3期8卷 176-184页

作者： WU Jie XU Ying GAO Xue-Jie Climate Change Research Center Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China National Climate Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China

Based on the outputs from 21 CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5) models, future changes in the mean temperature, precipitation and four climate extreme indices (annual maximum of daily maximum temperature (TXx), minimum of daily minimum temperature (TNn), annual total precipitation when the daily amount exceeds the 95th percentile of wet-day precipitation (R95p), and maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation (RX5day)) over Hindu Kush himalayan (HKH) region are investigated under the greenhouse gas concentration pathways of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Two periods of the 21st century, 2036e2065 and 2066e2095, are selected, with the reference period is considered as 1976e2005. Results show general increase of the mean temperature, TXx and TNn under both scenarios, with the largest increases found during 2066e2095 under RCP8.5. Future precipitation is projected to increase over most part of HKH, except for the northwestern part. Intensification of the precipitation extremes is projected over the region. The uncertainties of mean temperature, TXx and TNn over the HKH1 subregions are the largest compared to the other three subregions and the overall HKH. Besides RX5day during 2036e2065 over HKH1, the uncertainties of R95p and RX5day tend to be larger following the increase of greenhouse gas concentrations. The multimodel ensemble medians of temperature and four extreme indices under RCP8.5 are projected to be larger than those under RCP4.5 in each of the subregions.

关键词： Hindu Kush himalayan region CMIP5 Mean climate Extreme climate events Climate change projection

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Downscaled climate change projections for the Hindu Kush himalayan region using CORDEX South Asia regional climate models

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2017年第3期8卷 185-198页

作者： Jayanarayanan SANJAY Raghavan KRISHNAN Arun Bhakta SHRESTHA Rupak RAJBHANDARI REN Guo-Yu Centre for Climate Change Research Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pune 411008 India International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu 3226 Nepal Department of Meteorology Tri-Chandra Campus Tribhuvan University Kathmandu 3226 Nepal Laboratory for Climate Studies National Climate Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China

This study assessed the regional climate models (RCMs) employed in the Coordinated Regional climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) South Asia framework to investigate the qualitative aspects of future change in seasonal mean near surface air temperature and precipitation over the Hindu Kush himalayan (HKH) region. These RCMs downscaled a subset of atmosphere ocean coupled global climate models (AOGCMs) in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) to higher 50 km spatial resolution over a large domain covering South Asia for two representation concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) future scenarios. The analysis specifically examined and evaluated multi-model and multi-scenario climate change projections over the hilly sub-regions within HKH for the near-future (2036e2065) and far-future (2066e2095) periods. The downscaled multi-RCMs provide relatively better confidence than their driving AOGCMs in projecting the magnitude of seasonal warming for the hilly sub-region within the Karakoram and northwestern Himalaya, with higher projected change of 5.4 C during winter than of 4.9 C during summer monsoon season by the end of 21st century under the high-end emissions (RCP8.5) scenario. There is less agreement among these RCMs on the magnitude of the projected warming over the other sub-regions within HKH for both seasons, particularly associated with higher RCM uncertainty for the hilly sub-region within the central Himalaya. The downscaled multi-RCMs show good consensus and low RCM uncertainty in projecting that the summer monsoon precipitation will intensify by about 22% in the hilly subregion within the southeastern Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau for the far-future period under the RCP8.5 scenario. There is low confidence in the projected changes in the summer monsoon and winter season precipitation over the central Himalaya and in the Karakoram and northwestern Himalaya due to poor consensus and moderate to high RCM uncertainty among the downscaled multi-RCMs. Finally, the RCM related uncerta

关键词： CMIP5 CORDEX South Asia Regional climate models Hindu Kush himalayan Climate change projections

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Structural pattern of eastern himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa and its formation process

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Science China Earth Sciences 2004年第2期47卷 138-150页

作者： ZHANG Jinjiang, Jl Jianqing, ZHONG Dalai, DING Lin & HE Shundong1. Department of Geology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 2. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China Correspondence should be addressed to Zhang Jinjiang (email: zhjj@***) Department of Geology Peking University Beijing China Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

The structural pattern of the eastern himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa consists of two series of structures with different styles. One series compiles the earlier ductile contractional and lateral-slip deformation system, formed by nearly north-south shortening within the syntaxis, left-lateral and right-lateral slipping along its western and eastern boundaries respectively. They were possibly produced by the indentation of the Indian continent into Asian continent after India-Asia collision. The peak deformation-metamorphic ages in these structures are 62-60 Ma, ～23 Ma and ～13 Ma. The other series is composed of ductile-brittle normal faults distributing concentrically and dipping toward the outsides of Namjagbarwa Peak. They were probably the collapse structures caused by rapid uplift in a later time and the beginning ages for the normal faulting are about 7.3-6.3 Ma.

关键词： Namjagbarwa, eastern himalayan syntaxis (EHS), structural pattern, formation process, structural chronology.

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Spatial prediction and analysis of himalayan marmot plague natural epidemic foci in China based on HJ-1 satellite data

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Science China Earth Sciences 2010年第S1期53卷 8-15页

作者： GAO MengXu1,4,LI XiaoWen1,2,CAO ChunXiang1,ZHANG Hao1,LI Qun3,ZHOU Hang3 HE QiSheng1,4,XU Min1,4,ZHAO Jian1,4,ZHENG Sheng1,4 & CHEN Wei1,4 1State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science,Jointly Sponsored by the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100101,China 2School of Geography,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China 3Office for Disease Control and Emergency Response,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Beijing 102206,China 4Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Jointly Sponsored by the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University Beijing China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China School of Geography Beijing Normal University Beijing China Office for Disease Control and Emergency Response Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China

Plague,caused by the gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis,is a serious and rapidly progressing illness in humans that can be fatal if not treated effectively.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the largest area of natural himalayan marmot(Marmota himalayana) plague foci in China and covers more than 630000 km2.Akesai County in Gansu Province is a part of this natural focus of plague and was chosen as a study area.Our study used an ecological niche modeling(ENM) approach to predict the potential distribution of the himalayan marmot.Environment and Disaster Monitor Satellite(HJ-1) data was used to investigate environment factors that affect plague host animal activity.Host animal point data from active surveillance was combined with environmental variables from the HJ-1 satellite and other databases,and the models of the potential distribution of himalayan marmot were produced with the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Set Production(GARP).The probability of marmot presence was divided into 0-5%,5%-20%,20%-40%,40%-80%,and 80%-100% subgroups.Areas with 80%-100% probability exhibited the greatest potential for the presence of himalayan marmot.According to the predicted potential distribution of himalayan marmot in the study area,active surveillance of plague hosts and plague control and prevention could be more efficient.

关键词： himalayan marmot plague spatial prediction GARP HJ-1 satellite

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Anatexis in himalayan crust:Evidence from geochemical and chronological investigations of Higher himalayan Crystallines

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第9期48卷 1347-1356页

作者： YANG Xiaosong1, JIN Zhenmin2 & MA Jin1 1. State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China 2. Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing China Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan China

Migmatization in Higher himalayan Crystallines (HHC) results from anatexis. The widely distributed migmatites in HHC are an important clue to investigate the relationship be- tween anatexis and the origins of Higher himalayan leucogranites (HHL), and to understand the effect of anatexis on crustal evolution during the post-collision period. We studied in detail the chemical features of three basic constituent parts of the migmatites, i.e. leucosome, mesosome and melanosome, and determined the K-Ar ages of leucosomes. Our studies indicate that type-I leucosome is the product of crystallization of melt generated by partial melting of mesosome at source region, but type-II leucosome and HHL probably underwent crystallization differentiation of plagioclase during melt aggregation and migration. The age of 22.67 Ma of Type-I leucosome, which is a little older than the beginning of MCT movement, indicates that anatexis may have played an important role in the formation of MCT. That the ages of type-II leucosome (ranging from 14.82 to 18.37 Ma) are consistent with that of HHL provides new chronological evidence for the relationship between migmatization and HHL. We obtained a very young age of 6.23 Ma of Type-II leucosome that provides new time constraint on magma activity in the central segment of Higher Himalayas.

关键词： Higher himalayan Crystallines, migmatite, anatexis, leucosome, K-Ar age.

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The Eocene corundum-bearing rocks in the Gangdese arc, south Tibet:Implications for tectonic evolution of the himalayan orogen

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第5期9卷 1337-1354页

作者： Zeming Zhang Huixia Ding Xin Dong Zuolin Tian Hongchen Mu Mengmei Li Shengkai Qin Zhixiang Niu Ning Zhang Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing

The genesis of Liangguo corundum deposit in the southern Gangdese magmatic arc, east-central Himalaya, remains unknown. The present study shows that the corundum-bearing rocks occur as lenses with variable sizes in the Eocene gabbro that intruded into marble. These corundum-bearing rocks have highly variable mineral assemblage and mode. The corundum-rich rocks are characterized by containing abundant corundum, and minor spinel, ilmenite and magnetite, whereas the corundum-poor and corundum-free rocks have variable contents of spinel, plagioclase, sillimanite, cordierite, ilmenite and magnetite. The host gabbro shows variable degrees of hydration and carbonization. The corundum grains are mostly black, and rarely blue, and have minor Fe O and TiO_2. The spinel is hercynite, with high Fe O and low Mg O contents. The corundum-bearing rocks have variable but high Al_2O_3, FeO and TiO_2, and low SiO_2 contents. Inherited magmatic and altered zircons of the corundum-bearing rocks have similar U e Pb ages(~47 Ma) to the magmatic zircons of the host gabbro, indicating corundum-bearing rock formation immediately after the gabbro intrusion. We considered that emplacement of gabbro induced the contact metamorphism of the country-rock marble and the formation of silica-poor fluid. The channeled infiltration of generated fluid in turn resulted in the hydrothermal metasomatism of the gabbro, which characterized by considerable loss of Si from the gabbro and strong residual enrichment of Al. The metasomatic alteration probably formed under Pe T conditions of ~2.2 -2.8 kbar and ~650 -700℃. We speculate that SiO_2, CaO and Na_2O were mobile, and Al_2O_3, FeO, TiO_2 and high field strength elements remained immobile during the metasomatic process of the gabbro. The Liangguo corundum deposit, together with metamorphic corundum deposits in Central and Southeast Asia, were related to the Cenozoic himalayan orogeny, and therefore are plate tectonic indicators.

关键词： Corundum deposit Gangdese magmatic arc Metasomatism Gabbro himalayan orogen

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Nd isotopic compositions of the Tethyan himalayan Sequence in southeastern Tibet

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Science China Earth Sciences 2008年第9期51卷 1306-1316页

作者： DAI JinGen YIN An LIU WenCan WANG ChengShan State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources Research Center for Tibetan Plateau Geology and School of GeosciencesChina University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China Department of Earth and Space Sciences and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90095-1567USA

The himalayan orogen consists of three major lithologic units that are separated by two major north-dipping faults: the Lesser himalayan Sequence (LHS) below the Main Central Thrust (MCT), the Greater himalayan Crystalline Complex (GHC) above the MCT, and the Tethyan himalayan Sequence (THS) juxtaposed by the South Tibet Detachment fault (STD) over the GHC. Due to widespread meta-morphism and intense deformation, differentiating the above three lithologic units is often difficult. This problem has been overcome by the use of Sm-Nd isotopic analysis. The previous studies suggested that the LHS can be clearly distinguished from the GHC and THS by their Nd isotope compositions. However, the lack of detailed and systematic Sm-Nd isotopic studies of the THS across the Himalaya in general has made differentiation of this unit from the nearby GHC impossible, as the two appear to share overlapping Nd compositions and model ages. To address this problem, we systematically sam-pled and analyzed Nd isotopes of the THS in southeastern Tibet directly north of Bhutan. Our study identifies two distinctive fields in a εNd -TDM plot. The first is defined by the εNd(210 Ma) values of -3.45 to -7.34 and TDM values of 1.15 to 1.29 Ga from a Late Triassic turbidite sequence, which are broadly similar to those obtained from the Lhasa block. The second field is derived from the Early Cretaceous meta-sedimentary rocks with εNd(130 Ma) values from -15.24 to -16.61 and TDM values from 1.63 to 2.00 Ga; these values are similar to those obtained from the Greater himalayan Crystalline Complex in Bhutan directly south of our sampling traverse, which has εNd(130 Ma) values of -10.89 to -16.32 and Nd model ages (TDM) of 1.73 to 2.20 Ga. From the above observations, we suggest that the Late Triassic strata of the southeast Tibetan THS were derived from the Lhasa block in the north, while the Early Cretaceous strata of the THS were derived from a source similar to the High himalayan Crystalline Complex or Indian craton in the south. Our interpret

关键词： himalayan orogen Sm-Nd isotopic systematics Greater himalayan Crystalline Complex Tethyan Himalaya Sequence Lhasa ter- rane Indian craton

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