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Responses to threat in a freshwater invader： longitudinal data reveal personality, habituation, and robustness to changing water temperatures in the ＂killer shrimp＂ Dikerogammarus villosus （Crustacea： Amphipoda）

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Current Zoology 2016年第1期62卷 45-51页

作者： Mark BRIFFA Natalie JONES Calum MACNEIL Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre School of Marine Science & Engineering Plymouth University Plymouth PL4 8AA UK Department of Environment Food and Agriculture The Isle of Man GovernmentSt Johns IM4 3AS Isle of Man

Freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem integrity are under threat from biological invasions. The ＂killer shrimp＂ Dikerogammarus villosus is a highly predatory amphipod that has spread readily across Central Europe and recently the UK and its arrival has been associated with the significant loss of resident species. Despite this, studies of its behavioral ecology are sparse, even though its be- havior may contribute to its invasion success. For the first time, we investigated antipredator ＂fleeing＂ behavior in D. villosus and how this changed with water temperature. Three key patterns emerged from our analysis. First, within a particular temperature condition there are moderate but consistent among-individual differences in behavior. These are driven by a combination of mean level among-individual differences and within-individual relative consistency in behavior, and pro- vide the key marker for animal personalities. Second, the fleeing responses were not influenced by temperature and third, regardless of temperature, all individuals appeared to habituate to a repeated nondangerous stimulus, indicating a capacity for individual learning. We suggest that the antipreda- tor behavior of D. villosus contributes to its rapid spread and that consistent among-individual differ- ences in behavior may promote biological invasions across heterogeneous conditions. Robustness to changing water temperatures may also be potentially advantageous, particularly in an era of glo- bal climate change, where average temperatures could be elevated and less predictable.

关键词： invasions Dikerogammarus villosus animal personalities habituation temperature.

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Ethos and habituation in Aristotle

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Frontiers of Philosophy in China 2012年第4期7卷 519-532页

作者： YU Jiyuan Department of Philosophy State Universiy of New York at Buffalo Buffalo NY 14260 USASchool of Philosophy and Social Development Shandong University Ji'nan 250100 China

This paper is concerned with Aristotle＇s theory of habituation, focusing on the following three issues：（1） the relation between habit and reason, （2） human nature and habituation, and （3） the roles of family and politics in habituation. Aristotle＇s theory of habituation has been a topic of interest recently. Yet so far, most debates about this topic are about the first issue. This paper will bring in the second and the third issues, in order to provide a complete picture of the theory. To be more specific, the paper seeks to better understand the following three claims of Aristotle, corresponding to the three issues mentioned above：（1）＂We become just by doing just acts, temperate by doing temperate acts, brave by doing brave acts＂（NE 1103a34-bl）1. （2）＂We are adapted by nature to receive virtues, and are made perfect by habit＂（teleuioumenois de dia tou ethous）（1103a25-26）. （3）＂One＇s own good cannot exist without household management, nor without a form of government＂（1142a9-11）.

关键词： Aristotle habituation virtue ethos intellectualism practical wisdom

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Creating Character： Aristotle on habituation, the Cognitive Power of Emotion, and the Role of Prudence

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Frontiers of Philosophy in China 2012年第4期7卷 533-549页

作者： LIU Wei School of Philosophy National Research Center for EthicsRenmin University of ChinaBeijing 100872China

For Aristotle creating a virtuous character means habituating a stable emotional state or disposition （hex＆）, which enables the agent to feel and act rightly, and to have the intellectual virtue prudence （phron^sis） complete this habituation. But because feeling or emotion （pathos） is a passive state, it is not clear in what way we can make ourselves be affected correctly. This paper tries to solve this apparent difficulty by emphasizing the cognitive power of emotion. It also examines the role of prudence in the acquisition of ethical virtue, supporting an anti-intellectualist understanding of practical motivation.

关键词： Aristotle character habituation emotion prudence

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Possibility of “Comet-Like” Transport of Acetylcholine Receptors in Command <i>Helix</i>Neurons in Cellular Analog of habituation

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2014年第2期4卷 133-143页

作者： Arkady S. Pivovarov Galina B. Murzina Denis A. Makhnovsky Mariya S. Tret’yakova Department of Higher Nervous Activity Faculty of Biology Moscow Lomonosov State University Moscow Russia Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia

The presence of "comet-like" radial transport of acetylcholine receptors by actin microfilaments without the participation of myosin motors in the depression of acetylcholine-induced inward chloric current (ACh-current) in command neurons of defensive behavior of the land snail, Helix lucorum, in a cellular analog of habituation was investigated. For that purpose the effects of CK548, CK-636 (inhibitors of actin-related protein complex Arp2/3, whose activation triggers rapid actin polymerization and the formation of the "comet-like" tail on the actinic filament) and wiskostatin (an N-WASP protein inhibitor, activating Arp2/3) on the depression of ACh-current were studied. The attenuation of ACh-current depression was observed upon the addition of CK548. At the same time, CK-636 and wiskostatin irreversibly strengthened the depression of this current and suppressed its spontaneous recovery. The results of CK-548 action and its mathematical modeling allow suggesting the presence of "comet-like" transport of acetylcholine receptors, initiated by Arp2/3 protein complex in receptor endo and exocytosis in command neurons of Helix lucorum in a cellular analog of habituation. Irreversible inhibition of vital metabolic processes of the neuron by wiskostatin and CK-636, which lead to the decrease in the level of ATP, could have caused irreversible effects of these blockers on current depression.

关键词： CK-548 CK-636 Wiskostatin Depression of Acetylcholine-Induced Inward Current Command Neurons Helix lucorum Cellular Analog of habituation

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Cellular basis underlying habituation of the acoustic startle response

Cellular basis underlying habituation of the acoustic startl...

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中国神经科学学会第十届全国学术会议

作者： Xiaowei CHEN Brain Research Center Third Military Medical University

habituation,referring to the gradual reduction of response after repeated stimulations,is an important and universal feature of all kinds of animals to adapt to their environment（Thompson and Spencer,1966;Groves and Thompson,1970）.habituation of the acoustic startle response,one of the most commonly used models for studying this type of learning（Thorpe,1956） in mammals,has been considered to require the cerebellar vermis for decades（Leaton and Supple,1986;Lopiano et al.,1990;Timmann et al.,1998;Frings et al.,2006）,but the exact underlying neural locus and cellular mechanisms remain *** using two-photon imaging-based in vivo electrophysiological recording,we find that repeated sound stimulation induces both behavioural habituation of the acoustic startle response and a reduction of sound-evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials（EPSPs） in Purkinje neurons of the cerebellar *** behavioural habituation and the reduction of EPSPs show very similar time *** cellular level,blocking GABAa receptors-mediated synaptic inhibition by pharmacological treatment can block the reduction of EPSPs in Purkinje *** behaviour level,mice with specific deletion of GABAa receptors in Purkinje neurons do not have behavioural habituation after repeated sound *** results suggest an essential role of synaptic inhibitory potentiation for habituation of the acoustic startle ***,optogenetically-induced inhibition of Purkinje neurons clearly causes reduction of the acoustic startle ***,we provide evidence that the potentiation of synaptic inhibition in cerebellar Purkinje neurons is required for habituation of the acoustic startle response,thereby endowing physiological relevance to this long-established cellular plasticity（Kano et al.,1992）.

关键词： auditory inputs acoustic startle response habituation inhibitory potentiation cerebellar Purkinje neurons two-photon imaging

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Non-associative learning underlies pollination interaction of pollinators and flowering plants

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National Science Open 2024年第5期3卷 148-164页

作者： Wu-Fan Zhang Yi-Bo Luo State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Prominent Crops Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Institute of Apicultural Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

The behavioral response of pollinators is significantly influenced by the prior experience of flower visiting. Learning of pollinators, including non-associative learning, associative learning, and operant conditioning, is determined by the presence or absence of rewards during the flower visiting experience. Here, we indicate that process of non-rewarding flower(empty flower) visiting coincident well with the behavioral paradigm of non-associative learning. habituation, one of non-associative learning, most likely modulates the pollinating behavior patterns of empty flower visitation. Moreover, we propose that the process of habituation recovery, including spontaneous recovery and dishabituation, may also modulate the behavior of pollinators, which leads to ecological consequences of long-distance pollen dispersal and high outcross pollination rate. We believe that utilizing the methodology of non-associative learning behavioral neurobiology paradigm to investigate pollinator behavior will establish novel insights into the sensory responses and neural activity of pollination behavior in the pollination systems.

关键词： pollinating behavior cognition non-rewarding flowers habituation long-distance dispersion of pollen high outcrossing rate

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Response of tropical avifauna to visitor recreational disturbances: a case study from the Sinharaja World Heritage Forest, Sri Lanka

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Chinese Birds 2016年第3期7卷 142-154页

作者： Nilusha S.Alwis Priyan Perera Nihal P.Dayawansa Department of Forestry and Environmental Science University of Sri Jayewardenepura Department of Zoology University of Colombo

Background: We investigated the impact of human recreational disturbances on the distribution of birds along a popular nature trail in Sinhararja World Heritage Forest, Sri Lanka. It was hypothesized that visual and noise stimuli caused by the presence of humans affect the distribution of avifauna associated with this nature ***: Nine circular plots of 25 m fixed-radius laid along the trail(0 m), and 18 plots laid perpendicular to the trail at 75 and 150 m intervals, were studied from March 2013 to January 2014. The degree of human recreational disturbances was assessed in terms of visitor group size(visual disturbance) and their noise level(sound disturbance). These disturbances were categorized along a four-point scale(no human disturbance, low, medium and high disturbance). The relationship between disturbance levels and the abundance of birds was statistically ***: ANOVA results revealed that the abundance of birds differed significantly under various intensities of recreational disturbances at each distance level. A significant negative correlation between abundance of birds and intensity of disturbance at 0 m distance suggests an avoidance of edge habitats by birds in the presence of humans. Abundance of birds increased at the 75 and 150 m distance levels with increasing disturbances occurring at the trail. Significant negative correlations were further observed between disturbance level and the abundance of birds in ground/understory and sub-canopy vertical strata of the forest at 0 m ***: Under high levels of recreational disturbance occurring at this trail, the abundance of birds near the trail declined significantly, while bird abundance in the interior of the forest increased. The sensitivity of individual bird species to visitor disturbances varied with the vertical stratum of the forest they usually occupy. Birds occupying the ground, understory and sub-canopy are particularly sensitive to recreational disturbances

关键词： Recreational disturbances Ecotourism Tropical birds Sinharaja World Heritage Forest habituation

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Do birds in flight respond to(ultra)violet lighting?

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Avian Research 2017年第4期8卷 192-201页

作者： Roel May Jens Astrom Oyvind Hamre Espen Lie Dahl Terrestrial Ecology Department Norwegian Institute for Nature Research(NINA)TrondheimNorway Steinoysund SmolaNorway.

Background: Concerns for bird collisions with wind turbines affect the deployment of onshore and offshore windpower *** avoid delays in consenting processes and to streamline the construction and operation phase,functional mitigation measures are required which efficiently reduces bird *** is the primary sensory system in birds,which for a number of species also includes the ultraviolet *** bird species that are known to collide with offshore wind turbines are sensitive in the violet or ultraviolet *** species that are mainly active at lower ambient light levels,lighting may deter birds from the lit ***(ultra)violet lights may in addition not disturb ***,we do not know whether UV-sensitive birds in flight actually respond behaviourally to UV ***: We therefore tested the efficacy of two types of lights within the violet(400 nm) and ultraviolet(365 nm) spectrum to deter birds from the lit *** lights were placed vertically and monitored continuously between dusk and dawn using an avian radar ***: Relative to control nights,bird flight activity(abundance) was 27% lower when the ultraviolet light was *** light resulted in a 12% decrease in overall abundance,and in addition,a vertical displacement was seen,increasing the average flight altitude by 7 *** temporal changes occurred,this effect persisted over the season below 40 m above sea ***: Although the results from this pilot study are promising,we argue there still is a long way to go before a potentially functional design to mitigate collisions that has proven to be effective in situ may be in place.

关键词： Avian radar Displacement habituation Mitigation Seabirds Ultraviolet Wind turbine

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High human disturbance decreases individual variability in skink escape behavior

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Current Zoology 2020年第1期66卷 63-70页

作者： Dana M.WILLIAMS Phat-Tan NGUYEN Kemal CHAN Madeleine KROHN Daniel T.BLUMSTEIN Department of Ecology&Evolutionary Biology University of California621 Young Drive SouthLos AngelesCA90095-1606USA

Animals living around people may modify their antipredator behavior as a function of proximity to humans,and this response has profound implications for whether or not a population can coexist with *** asked whether inland blue-tailed skinks Emoia impar modified their individual antipredator behavior as a function of differential exposure to *** conducted multiple consecutive flushes and recorded 2 measures of antipredator response:flight initiation distance(FID),the distance from a threatening stimulus at which an individual flees,and distance fled,the distance an individual fled after a *** used a multiple model comparison approach to quantify variation in individual escape behavior across multiple approaches and to test for differences in between-individual variation among *** found that individuals tolerated closer approach and fled shorter distances at locations with relatively less human disturbance than at locations with medium and high human disturbance,*** addition,skinks living at high human disturbance sites had less variable FIDs than at low human disturbance *** theories may explain these *** against less favorable phenotypes has reduced behavioral variation in urban habitats and behavioral plasticity allows individuals to flexibly adjust their behavioral patterns in response to human *** results highlight the importance of studying variation within populations,at the individual level,which may better elucidate the impact that human disturbance has on the behavioral composition of populations.

关键词： distance fled Emoia impar flight initiation distance habitat sorting habituation urbanization

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快乐型和实现型情感的习惯化

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心理学 2019年第1期 985-996页

作者：罗扬眉莫凡陈煦海蒋宏达游旭群

作为时间动态性表现形式之一，积极情感习惯化对于心理健康和幸福感有着重要意义。积极情感可分为快乐型(追求快乐和避免痛苦)和实现型(追求意义和自我实现)。以往研究大多关注快乐型情感的习惯化，而对实现型情感鲜有研究。并且，实现... 详细信息

作为时间动态性表现形式之一，积极情感习惯化对于心理健康和幸福感有着重要意义。积极情感可分为快乐型(追求快乐和避免痛苦)和实现型(追求意义和自我实现)。以往研究大多关注快乐型情感的习惯化，而对实现型情感鲜有研究。并且，实现型情感习惯化是否会受到多样化的影响及其与抑郁的关系也不清楚。因此，采用习惯化范式，对快乐型和实现型情感的动态变化过程进行了比较。结果发现：与快乐型情感相比，实现型情感不容易发生习惯化；多样性能降低两类积极情感的习惯化速度；个体的抑郁水平与实现型情感习惯化速度有关，且神经质在其中起调节作用。这表明，实现型情感短期习惯化可能与个体的心理健康水平有着重要联系。

关键词：实现型情感快乐型情感习惯化抑郁神经质 hedonic affect eudaimonic affect habituation depression neuroticism

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