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habitat destruction may lead to highly female-biased sex ratios

Journal of Chongqing University 2017年第3期16卷 93-97页

作者：王亚强 Institute of Mathematics and Information Science Baoji University of Arts and SciencesBaoji 721013Shaanxi ProvinceP.R.China

Local mate competition(LMC) was firstly used to explain extra-ordinary female-biased sex ratios. However, some observations have found that the sex ratios of some species are more female-biased than the predictions of LMC and its extensions; there is not yet a theory that accounts for the mechanisms of more female-biased sex ratio. Here, we assume that LMC occurs at a destructed habitat that reduces the resource for production, and present a new extension for the LMC model. Consequently, our model shows that the evolutionarily stable strategy(ESS) for sex ratio depends on two parameters: the number of foundresses and the degree of habitat destruction. Moreover, the sex ratio decreases as the degree of habitat destruction increases, i.e., the proportion of female increases. These results generally agree with experimental data, and may provide a new basis for the evolution of female-biased sex ratios in local mate competition and a new theory support for conservation of some species.

关键词： local mate competition habitat destruction sex ratio evolutionarily stable strategy

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Stability, Chaos and Estimation of the Unknown Parameters of habitat destruction Model with Prey-Predator-Top Predator

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2016年第12期4卷 2254-2271页

作者： Saba Mohammed Alwan Omalsad Hamood Odhah Department of Mathematics and Computer Science College of Sciences IBB University Ibb Yemen Department of Mathematics College of Sciences and Humanities Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Hotat Bany Tamim Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

This paper is devoted to study the problem of stability, chaos behavior and parameters estimation of the habitat destruction model with three-species (prey, predator and top-predator). The mathematical formula of the model and its proposed interactions are presented. Some important special solutions of systems are discussed. The stationary states of the model are derived. Local stability conditions for the stationary states are derived. Furthermore, the chaotic behavior of the model is discussed and presented graphically. Using Liapunov stability technique, the dynamic estimators of the unknown probabilities and their updating rules are derived. It is found that, the control laws are non-linear functions of the species densities. Numerical illustrative examples are carried out and presented graphically.

关键词： Prey Top-Predator Three-Species Estimation habitat destruction Lyapunov Function

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The Breeding Ecology of a Critically Endangered Salamander,Hynobius amjiensis(Caudata：Hynobiidae),Endemic to Eastern China

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Asian Herpetological Research 2016年第1期7卷 53-58页

作者： Cangsong CHEN Jia YANG Yunke WU Zhongyong FAN Weiwei LU Shuihua CHEN Lipeng YU College of Agriculture and Biotechnology Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310012 Zhejiang China Zhejiang Museum of Natural History Hangzhou 310014 Zhejiang China Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca 14853 New York USA The Administration Bureau of Longwangshan Natural Reserve Anji 313301 Zhejiang China

Hynobius amjiensis is a critically endangered salamander species（IUCN Red List） endemic to eastern China. It currently has three known populations： one in Longwangshan, Zhejiang Province（type locality）, and two in Qingliangfeng between Anhui and Zhejiang Provinces. We examined the relatively unstudied breeding ecology of this species in the field and at laboratory from March 2007 to May 2014. Adult males and females were year-round terrestrial, except for the February–April breeding season. During this period, we captured only a total of 16 breeding adults（11 males and 5 females）. As few as 100 breeding females were estimated based on the number of egg sacs observed since 2007. This number was significantly reduced from the estimated number between 1992 and 1998. Males（mean total length = 16.21 cm, mean body mass = 18.8 g） were slightly smaller than females（16.51 cm, 19.2 g）. Size of breeding pools ranged from 0.2 m-2 to 1.2 m-2（0.1–1.2 m depths）. Each female deposits a pair of egg sacs by attaching the adhesive tips of the sacs to aquatic plants or dead twigs. Fifteen pairs of egg sacs had an average length of 28.6 cm and a diameter of 3.3 cm. On average, each egg sac contained 75 eggs with a diameter of 0.3 cm. Our field survey revealed that H. amjiensis used oviposition sites in small, cool, and weakly acidic pools at high elevations（1 300–1 600 m） where peat moss was abundant. Reduction in wetland size and disappearance of suitable breeding pools suggest that this salamander species is under threat of extinction, particularly at Longwangshan, where 5 of the 9 breeding pools have either dried up or disappeared. Combined size of the remaining 4 pools is less than 2 m-2. We urge immediate implementation of more effective conservation measures and suggest that preservation priority should be given to habitat that contains suitable breeding pools.

关键词： Amji's salamander oviposition site reproductive traits population decline habitat destruction preservation priority

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Abundance and Breeding of the Common Skittering Frog(Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis)and Bull Frog(Hoplobatrachus tigerinus)at Rawal Lake,Islamabad,Pakistan

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Asian Herpetological Research 2011年第4期2卷 245-250页

作者： Fozia TABASSUM Muhammad RAIS Maqsood ANWAR Tariq MEHMOOD Iftikhar HUSSAIN Shahid ALI KHAN Department of Wildlife Management Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University

The population density and breeding of two frog species, i. e., the Skittering Frog （Euphlyctis eyanophlyctis） and the Bull Frog （Hoplobatrachus tigerinus） were studied at Rawal Lake, Islamabad, Pakistan, by using visual encounter method from September 2009 to August 2010. Mean population density for the two frogs was 1.55 ± 0.44 frogs per ha, with that for the Skittering Frog being 1.09 ± 0.33 frogs/ha and that of the Bull Frog 0.46 ± 0.11 frog/ha, respectively. It is concluded that both frog species are explosive breeders, i. e., their breeding activities were confined to the first showers of the monsoon season. The mean spawn weight of the Skittering Frog was 1.5 g with more than 1000 eggs in each spawn, while that of the Bull Frog was 0.26 g with less than 1000 eggs in a spawn. The spawning sites of the two species were investigated in detail. Generally, no threat to their populations was observed. However, the opening of the spillway of Rawal Dam following the torrential rain destroyed the breeding sites of the frogs. It is maintained that the event did not produce any significant impact on their populations and breeding as the two species were quite common.

关键词： Ranidae population status breeding habitat destruction

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