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From occupants to occupants:A review of the occupant information understanding for building HVAC occupant-centric control

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Building Simulation 2022年第6期15卷 913-932页

作者： Tao Yang Arkasama Bandyopadhyay Zheng O’Neill Jin Wen Bing Dong mike walker’66 department of mechanical engineering texas a&m universitycollege stationtx77843usa department of civil architectural&environmental engineeringdrexel universityphiladelphiapa19104usa department of mechanical and aerospace engineering syracuse universitysyracuseny13244usa

Occupants are the core of the built environment.Traditional heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning(HVAC)systems operate with predefined schedules and maximum occupancy assumptions with no consideration of specific occupant information.These generalized assumptions usually do not align with the actual demand and result in over-conditioning and occupant discomfort.In recent years,with the aid of Information&Communication Technology(ICT)and Computer Science(CS),it is possible to acquire real-time and accurate occupant information to satisfy the exact thermal requirement through specific HVAC control in one particular built environment.This mechanism is called HVAC“Occupant-centric Control(OCC).”HVAC OCC strategy starts with collecting the occupant’s information(e.g.,presence/absence)and then applies it to meet the occupant’s requirement(e.g.,thermal comfort).However,even though some research studies and field pilot demonstrations have been devoted to the field of OCC,there is a lack of systematic knowledge about occupant data,which is the principal component of OCC for HVAC researchers and practitioners.To fill this gap,this review paper discusses OCC with a particular emphasis on occupant information and investigates how this information can assist HVAC operation in providing an acceptable built environment in required spaces during the required time.We provide a fine-grained,comprehensive picture of occupant information,discuss its features,the modalities of information feed-in into the HVAC control,and the application of commonly utilized occupant information for OCC.

关键词： occupant information occupant-centric control smart building HVAC energy efficiency

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Distributionally Robust Energy Consumption Scheduling of HVAC Considering the Uncertainty of Outdoor Temperature and Human Activities

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2023年第3期9卷 896-909页

作者： Yingjie Wang Qi Zeng Zhongbei Tian Yuefang Du Pingliang Zeng Lin Jiang Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics The University of LiverpoolLiverpool L693GJU.K. School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 611731China School of Automation Hangzhou Dianzi UniversityHangzhou 310018China

Achieving a low or zero carbon target is to reduce energy demand and improve energy efficiency of electricity consumers.One of the main electricity consumers in power systems is heating,ventilation,and air conditioning systems(HVACs),which cost around 30%of the total usage in commercial buildings.This paper investigates the scheduling problem of HVAC energy consumption taking into account two uncertainties:outdoor temperature and human activities.The distributionally robust optimization approach(DROA)is extended to deal with these two uncertainties which are modeled by the proposed disjointed layered ambiguity sets according to historical data.Based on the proposed DROA method,the distributionally robust chance constraints(DRCCs)will be formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem,converted into a linear optimization problem using duality theorem and solved using SeDuMi solver.Simulation results are used to compare with existing methods,which shows the proposed DROA can decrease 2.81%and 0.14%of the electricity cost in comparison with traditional RO method and DROA based on a nest layered ambiguity set,respectively.Also,the proposed DROA decreases the number and maximum of violations from the comfort level of users.The multi-zone HVAC system model is used in the case study to verify the proposed DROA with the disjointed ambiguity set.The consecutive simulation results illustrate the proposed DROA approach can provide stable performance in a three-day scheduling period.

关键词： Demand response distributionally robust optimization energy consumption scheduling HVAC

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Distributed Real-time Temperature and Energy Control of Energy Efficient Buildings via Geothermal Heat Pumps

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2023年第6期9卷 2289-2300页

作者： Xiaotian Wang Lei Liang Xuan Zhang Hongbin Sun Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute Tsinghua UniversityShenzhenChina Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina

Geothermal heat pumps(GHPs)are a type of heating ventilation and air conditioning(HVAC)systems that use low-temperature resources from soil and groundwater for heating/cooling.In recent years,there has been an increasing interest in GHP systems due to their high energy efficiency and abundant geothermal resources.Thus,the optimization and control design of the GHP system has become a hot topic.On the other hand,as the GHP system is an ideal respon-sive load,mechanism design for the GHP system to realize demand response(DR)in a virtual power plant(VPP)without affecting user comfort is particularly essential.In this paper,we propose a distributed real-time temperature and energy management method via GHP systems for multi-buildings,where both floor and radiator heating/cooling distribution subsystems in multiple thermal zones are considered.We design an energy demand response mechanism for a single GHP to track the given energy consumption command for participating in VPP aggregation/disaggregation.Besides,a coordination mechanism for multiple GHPs is designed for the community-level oper-ator in joining VPP aggregation/disaggregation.Both designed schemes are scalable and do not need to measure or predict any exogenous disturbances such as outdoor temperature and heating disturbances from external sources,e.g.,user activity and device operation.Finally,four numerical examples for the simulation of two different scenarios demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

关键词： Building temperature and energy management disaggregation distributed control GHP HVAC VPP

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A human comfort prediction method for indoor personnel based on time-series analysis

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Building Simulation 2023年第7期16卷 1187-1201页

作者： Wenli Zhang Guoqiang Cui Yufei Wang Chao Zheng Qingyu Zhu Faculty of Information Technology Beijing University of TechnologyBeijing 100124China China Construction Science&Technology Group Limited Liability Company Beijing 100070China

In buildings,the heating ventilation and air conditioning system(HVAC)creates a comfortable environment for indoor occupants by setting a temperature strategy.However,this approach leads to unreasonable indoor environmental comfort and wasted energy because it does not dynamically adjust to changes in environmental and has a long response time.In this study,a high-precision human comfort prediction method for indoor personnel based on time-series analysis is proposed as the control strategy for HVAC systems.The method includes the data pre-processing module,the class imbalance processing module,and the human comfort network model module.We propose the Human-Comfort Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory(HC-BiLSTM)network to achieve a better human comfort prediction,and the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique for Time-series(SMOTE-TS)algorithm to solve the class imbalance problem in human comfort dataset.A public dataset collected in Pennsylvania,USA,was selected for this study to validate the performance of the proposed method.The experimental results show that the human comfort prediction method proposed in this study achieves 0.9482 and 0.9659 on Macro-averaging and Micro-averaging,respectively,which is the highest accuracy in the known related research.

关键词： human comfort HVAC energy efficiency buildings recurrent neural network deep learning

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Frost prediction based on a 3D CFD model of heat and mass transfer in a counter-cross-flow parallel-plate liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger

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Building Simulation 2023年第11期16卷 2063-2076页

作者： Mohammad Alipour Shotlou Nader Pourmahmoud Mechanical Engineering Department Urmia UniversityUrmiaIran

The frosting is a critical phenomenon in building systems because it decreases the performance of exchangers and damages them.In this article,heat and mass transfer in a specified liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger(LAMEE)and their effects on condensation and frost formation are simulated numerically using the 3D computational fluid dynamics(CFD)technique.The CFD model has been validated with experimental results for different design parameters,and the agreement is within±2%.The developed CFD model provides the distribution of temperature and humidity ratio and MgCh concentration along the LAMEE.In the present study,effects of exchanger structure on producing viscosity and heat and mass transfer are studied.The selected LAMEE is a counter cross structure,therefore vortices appear in the inlet and outlet solution channel,and their influence can be seen on heat transfer in these parts.In addition,the diffusion of heat and mass transfer are studied on distributions of temperature and humidity ratio.Results show that the permeable membrane and moisture transfer make more regular temperature distribution along airflow direction in energy exchangers.This study provides an extended vision of heat and mass transfer.A 3-dimensional CFD model is developed to predict frost formation based on obtained temperature and humidity ratio.The CFD model is validated with an experimental study by calculating the frost limit.The developed model distinguishes condensed and frosted areas,and a new parameter is defined for this purpose namely as the frosted humidity ratio.Results show that frost and condensation distributions depend significantly on temperature and humidity ratio distributions.Adjusting temperature and humidity ratio to avoid air vapor to reach to saturation conditions is the better way to combat frosting.

关键词： frost CFD simulation moisture transfer membrane HVAC LAMEE

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Time-efficient Strategic Power Dispatch for District Cooling Systems Considering Evolution of Cooling Load Uncertainties

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2022年第5期8卷 1457-1467页

作者： Ge Chen Biao Yan Hongcai Zhang Dongdong Zhang Yonghua Song State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of MacaoMacao 999078China

District cooling system(DCS)provides centralized chilled water to multiple buildings for air conditioning with high energy-efficiency and operational flexibility.It is one of the most popular cooling systems for large buildings in modern cities and an important demand response source for power systems.In order to enhance its energy efficiency and utilize its flexibility,strategic operation is indispensable.However,finding an optimal policy for DCS operation is a challenging task because of the high inter-connectivity among components.The evolution of cooling load uncertainties further increases the difficulties.This paper addresses the aforementioned challenges by proposing a novel optimal power dispatch model for DCS.The proposed model optimizes water temperature and mass flow rates simultaneously to improve the energy efficiency as much as possible.It also explicitly describes the uncertainty accumulation and propagation.Chance-constrained programming is employed to guarantee the cooling service quality.We further propose a more timeefficient formulation to overcome the computational intractability caused by the non-smooth and non-convex constraints.Numerical experiments based on a real DCS confirm that a time-efficient formulation can save about half of solution time with negligible cost increase.

关键词： District cooling system HVAC cooling power dispatch demand-side flexibility chance-constrained programming

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A critical survey of technologies of large offshore wind farm integration: summary, advances, and perspectives

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Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems 2022年第1期7卷 233-264页

作者： Bo Yang Bingqiang Liu Hongyu Zhou Jingbo Wang Wei Yao Shaocong Wu Hongchun Shu Yaxing Ren Faculty of Electric Power Engineering Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming 650500China State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology (Huazhong University of Science and Technology)Wuhan 430074Hubei ProvinceChina Warwick Manufacturing Group University of WarwickCoventry CV47ALUK

Offshore wind farms(OWFs)have received widespread attention for their abundant unexploited wind energy poten-tial and convenient locations conditions.They are rapidly developing towards having large capacity and being located further away from shore.It is thus necessary to explore effective power transmission technologies to connect large OWFs to onshore grids.At present,three types of power transmission technologies have been proposed for large OWF integration.They are:high voltage alternating current(HVAC)transmission,high voltage direct current(HVDC)transmission,and low-frequency alternating current(LFAC)or fractional frequency alternating current transmission.This work undertakes a comprehensive review of grid connection technologies for large OWF integration.Compared with previous reviews,a more exhaustive summary is provided to elaborate HVAC,LFAC,and five HVDC topologies,consisting of line-commutated converter HVDC,voltage source converter HVDC,hybrid-HVDC,diode rectifier-based HVDC,and all DC transmission systems.The fault ride-through technologies of the grid connection schemes are also presented in detail to provide research references and guidelines for researchers.In addition,a comprehensive evalu-ation of the seven grid connection technologies for large OWFs is proposed based on eight specific indicators.Finally,eight conclusions and six perspectives are outlined for future research in integrating large OWFs.

关键词： Offshore wind farm HVAC HVDC LFAC Fault ride-through

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Data mining algorithm and framework for identifying HVAC control strategies in large commercial buildings

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Building Simulation 2021年第1期14卷 63-74页

作者： Zhe Chen Peng Xu Fan Feng Yifan Qiao Wei Luo Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Tongji UniversityShanghai201804China Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of AlabamaTuscaloosaAL35487USA

Heating,Ventilation,and Air-Conditioning(HVAC)control strategies are set arbitrarily in many commercial buildings by operators,who sometimes lack relevant skills and professional training.It is acknowledged that improving the control strategy of HVAC is feasible and valid,which as a consequence can improve the overall HVAC performance of existing buildings.However,it is quite difficult for an outsiders or a commissioning agent to tell what the HVAC control strategies are and whether they are implemented appropriately in existing buildings.This paper is intended to carry out analysis on the data about Building Automation System(BAS),as well as the data about building energy,for the purpose of identifying the control strategies of HVAC in a given building by using data mining algorithm.Then the results can be adopted by us to determine whether the building is under faulty operation or is running under suboptimal conditions.In this paper,what are proposed are algorithms of data mining identification for some specific HVAC control strategies,including DR on/off strategy,DR reset strategy and temperature reset strategy of chilled water.On the basis of data mining algorithms,a framework is then developed so as to identify these strategies,and the main scenario of this identification framework is known as analyzing many commercial buildings on an energy monitoring platform of a public building.This framework takes the sensor data obtained from HVAC,including temperature,flowrate,and electricity usage,as input,which is followed by the application of Image Segmentation and PCA algorithm for preprocessing.Then,based on these input variables,XGBoost algorithm is employed to determine whether these strategies have been implemented in buildings or not.In order to get the data for training and testing the framework,EnergyPlus Runtime Language is adopted for the application of different strategies.t is finally shown by the result that the identification algorithm can achieve the accuracy rate of 92.5%in the case studies by usin

关键词： HVAC control strategy identification data mining

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Attention boosted autoencoder for building energy anomaly detection

Energy and AI

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Energy and AI 2023年第4期14卷 479-489页

作者： Durga Prasad Pydi S.Advaith Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai600036India

Significant energy savings can be realised from buildings if deviations from the usual operating conditions are detected early,and appropriate measures are taken.Building anomaly detection techniques automate identifying such instances by leveraging the high dimensional data collected from the installed smart meters.Autoencoders allow for dimensionality reduction and also model the underlying data distribution.However,these models treat features as independent quantities.In contrast,the current work investigates an attention mechanism with an autoencoder to include the correlations among the features.The value addition from the attention mechanism is demonstrated by comparing the model’s reconstruction ability with an ANN-based autoencoder on synthetic datasets.The study identifies that adding an attention layer enables the encoder–decoder architecture to be robust to outliers in training data,thereby reducing the preprocessing required.Further,the model is tested on a real-world dataset,and the attention maps generated from the model are used to interpret the correlations among the features and across the time dimension,thereby establishing a human-interpretable way to understand the reconstruction from the model.

关键词： Artificial intelligence UN Sustainable Development Goals Interpretable model Multivariate time series HVAC

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Photovoltaic-thermal solar-assisted heat pump systems for building applications:Integration and design methods

Energy and Built Environment

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Energy and Built Environment 2023年第1期4卷 39-56页

作者： Alessandro Miglioli NiccolòAste Claudio Del Pero Fabrizio Leonforte Architecture Built environment and Construction Engineering DepartmentPolitecnico di MilanoVia Ponzio 3120133 Milan Italy

The photovoltaic-thermal collector is one of the most interesting technology for solar energy conversion,com-bining electric and thermal energy production in a single device.Vapour-compression heat pump is already considered the most suitable clean technology for buildings thermal energy needs.The combination of these two technologies in an integrated“photovoltaic-thermal solar-assisted heat pump”(PVT-SAHP)system allows reaching a high fraction of the building thermal needs covered by renewable energy sources and to improve the performances of both the photovoltaic-thermal collector and the heat pump.The first is cooled down increasing its energy conversion efficiency,while providing low-temperature thermal energy to the second,which benefits from a higher evaporation temperature.The review study presents the state-of-art of photovoltaic-thermal solar-assisted heat pump systems intended to cover thermal energy needs in buildings,with a particular focus on the integration methodologies,the possible configurations,the use of different sources and the design of sub-system components.These issues are addressed by much scientific research,to improve the reliability and applicability of this technology,as an option for the building decarbonization.This study aims to present PVT-SAHP systems in an organic and critical way to propose a useful tool for future research developments.More in detail,the work highlights the fact that the integration of photovoltaic-thermal collectors as evaporator of the heat pump in direct-expansion systems allows the highest heat recovery and performances.However,the distinction of the two circuits lead to more reliable,flexible and robust systems,especially when combined with a second heat source,being able to cover both heating and cooling needs.The implementation of real-time control strategy,as well as the continuous development of the compressor and refrigerant industries is positively influencing this technology,which is receiving more and more attention from scientific research as a s

关键词： Solar-assisted heat pump Photovoltaic-thermal collector PVT-SAHP Renewable energy HVAC Technology review

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