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Role of Ultrasonography in Evaluation of Peripheral Nerves

Open Journal of Internal Medicine 2018年第4期8卷 232-247页

作者： Mandugula Aruna Devi Ak Meena Department of Radiology Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences Hyderabad India Department of Neurology Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences Hyderabad India

Ultrasonography is first line, cost-effective modality in imaging of peripheral nerves. High frequency probes allow high resolution imaging of peripheral nerves located at relatively superficial location. USG can diagnose and localize various pathologies that involve the peripheral nerves such as traumatic, inflammatory, infective, neoplastic, and traumatic neuropathies. USG exceptionally has an important role to play in evaluation of patients with suspected nerve injury, as MRI may not differentiate neural contusion from nerve disruption. Neurapraxic injury is seen as swollen nerve with hypoechoic appearance.

关键词： hrus Superficial Peripheral Nerves Nerve Lesions

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Effectiveness Assessment of Soil Erosion Critical Source Areas for Soil and Water Conservation

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2012年第2期3卷 138-143页

作者：陈腊娇朱阿兴秦承志刘军志中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所资源与环境信息系统国家重点实验室北京100101 中国科学院研究生院北京100049

Critical source areas （CSAs）, characterized by severe soil erosion and high sediment yield, are considered to have a high priority for conservation. How to identify CSAs and assess the effectiveness of conservation practices is a key issue in site-specific watershed management. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool （SWAT） model is a useful tool for site-specific conservation practices design and several studies have attempted to identify CSAs based on watershed models. However, limited research has reported about the effectiveness of conservation practices targeting CSAs. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of conservation pracrices targeted on CSAs using the SWAT model. CSA was firstly identified based on the 4-year average yearly erosion of each HRU. Appropriate soil conservation practices were then designed for the CSAs. A scenario with conservation practices for the whole watershed was also established as the contrasting counter parts scheme and then compared to the outcome of CSA-targeted conservation practices. The result shows that SWAT can accurately simulate sediment yield in the study area. CSAs were mainly located in slope farmland areas and steep gullies, coinciding with the distribution of land use and slope. The identified CSA covered 20% of the hrus and contributed on average 44% of sediment yield. Conservation practices targeting CSAs had higher sediment reduction effectiveness （24 115 t km-2 y-1） than conservation practice covering the whole watershed （20 290 t km-2 y-1）. Thus conservation practices targeting CSAs are more effective than broad conservation practices. We conclude that soil conservation practices focusing on CSAs do increase sediment reduction effectiveness. Targeting the placement of soil conservation practices based on the CSAs concept will assist water quality control in watersheds.

关键词： effectiveness assessment critical source areas SWAT hrus soil conservation practice

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