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Financial history :Money Makers

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China Weekly 2025年第2期 52-55页

作者： Wang Peng 不详

Just over 1,000 years ago,Sichuan issued the world's first officially backed paper *** what local conditions spurred this financial revolution,and how did traders cash in on the innovation?

关键词： money Just history

Exploring history and Culture in Yuelu Mountain

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初中生 2025年第11期 28-31页

作者： Martin Haase 不详

With Yuelu Mountain on its west side and the Orange Island(橘子洲)in the middle of the Xiang River,Changsha's scenery(景色)is truly *** in Changsha enjoy hiking Yuelu Mountain for exercise and to appreciate(欣赏)the *... 详细信息

关键词： history Island Changsha

history AND PRESENT STATE OF TRANSLATIONAL ELECTRO-OPTICAL APPLICATIONS TO MEDICINE

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Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 2008年第1期1卷 1-15页

作者： BRITTON CHANCE SHOKO NIOKA Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of Pennsylvania PA USA Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics Wuhan National Lab for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and Technology WuhanChina

This paper reviews the history of the optoelectric devices applied to biomedical sciences in 20th *** describes history of Vacuum tubes and Spectroscopies with the author’s personal experiences,especially doublebeam ***,the present developments of Near Infra Red(NIR)devices are described in translational biomedical *** includes particulary micro optoelectronics developments and present status of NIR breast cancer ***,intrinsic molecular biomarkers are discussed especially NIR measurements of angiogenensis,hypermetabolism and heat production for cancer detection.

关键词： history vacuum tube double beam spectrometer NIR Biomarker

history, current status, and prospects of soybean production and research in sub-Saharan Africa

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The Crop Journal 2018年第3期6卷 226-235页

作者： Dalia Mohamedkheir Khojely Seifeldin Elrayah Ibrahim Enoch Sapey Tianfu Han MOA Key Lab of Soybean Biology (Beijing) Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Gezira Research Station Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) Oil Palm Breeding and Genetics CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute

Soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) is a non-native and non-staple crop in sub-Saharan Africa(SSA) with potential to be a commercial crop owing to its wide range of uses as food, feed,and industrial raw material. Soybean was first introduced to SSA by Chinese traders in the19 th century and was cultivated as an economic crop as early as 1903 in South Africa. In the past four decades, soybean cultivation area and production in SSA has increased exponentially, from about 20,000 ha and 13,000 t in the early 1970 s to 1,500,000 ha and2,300,000 t in 2016. Soybean yield has been stagnant in SSA for decades at about 1.1 t ha^(-1),much lower than the world average, representing one of the most challenging issues in the soybean industry in SSA. The low soybean yield in SSA can be attributed to the use of poorperforming varieties and to the limited application of fertilizers and rhizobial inoculants in soils with no history of soybean production. South Africa, Nigeria, Zambia, and Uganda are the leading soybean producers in SSA. Soybean research in SSA is conducted by international and national research institutions, including IITA, national soybean improvement programs, universities, and the private sector. Between 1970 and 2011, 195 soybean varieties were released by IITA, private breeders, and national soybean improvement programs in SSA. This paper reviews the history and current state of soybean production and of the utilization and adoption of tropical varieties in SSA, addresses the major soybean yield-limiting factors across the region, and discusses the potential of the soybean industry in SSA. It also highlights soybean improvement efforts and lessons learned from previous soybean improvement efforts and the current progress of some national soybean improvement programs in SSA. Opportunities for scaling up tropical soybean as a major crop across SSA countries are promising.

关键词： Soybean Sub-Saharan Africa(SSA) history Current status Prospects

Reconsideration on the effect of nitrogen on mixed culture polyhydroxyaIkanoate production toward high organic loading enrichment history

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2019年第4期13卷 77-87页

作者： Zhiqiang Chen Lizhi Zhao Ye Ji Qinxue Wen Long Huang State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150090China School of Civil Engineering Lanzhou University of TechnologyLanzhou 730070China

In most of the operating strategies for mixed microbial cultures polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production, moderate organic loads and low nitrogen concentrations are used, however, the real waste streams contain variable concentrations of carbon and nitrogen. To evaluate the effect of enrichment history on PHA producer and production the various carbon and nitrogen levels were utilized during the accumulation phase. Different operating strategies were applied in three sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) subjected to aerobic dynamic feeding. The maximum PHA production of the enriched cultures under nutrient excess, limitation and starvation (Cmol/Nmol ratio of & 40 and oo, respectively) was evaluated in batch assays. A higher PHA content and biomass growth were achieved in the nutrients presence in comparison to the nutrient starvation condition. The cultures from the SBR treated under short sludge retention time, high organic loading rate, short cycle length (SBR#3) and nutrient excess reached the maximum PHA content (54.9%) and biomass increase (38.9%). Under nutrient limitation, the negative biomass growth was observed under nutrient starvation because of the sampling loss. The succession of microbial communities in SBRs and batch assays was analyzed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. The SBR#3 had the best overall PHA production performance considering its high PHA content and productivity in all nutrient content, it indicates that nitrogen has a substantial impact on PHA yield especially when high organic loading rate enrichment history is involved.

关键词： Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Organic loading rate Nitrogen content Biomass growth Enrichment history

history of tectono-magmatic evolution in the Western Kunlun Orogen

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Science China Earth Sciences 1999年第6期42卷 604-619页

作者：毕华王中刚王元龙朱笑青 Open Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Sciences

Based on the statistical and analytical data on more than 170 isotopic ages published since the 1980s of magmatic rocks, metamorphic rocks, tectonites and ores from the Western Kunlun Orogen, and the characteristics of sedimentation, magmatism, metamorphism and tectonic activities in the region studied in conjunction with geological field investigations and necessary supplementary isotope data, five stages of tectono-magmatic evolution, i.e. Ar3-Pt 2 1 tectono-magmatic active stage (I), pt 2 2 stable stage (II), Pt 3 1 -p2 active stage (III), T1-T2 stable stage (IV), and T3-Q active stage (V) can be distinguished in the Western Kunlun Orogen. Moreover, the tectono-magmatic active style and general trend, the characteristics of tectonic settings, etc. of each stage and substage in the region studied are also discussed.

关键词： Western Kunlun Orogen isotopic age history of tectono-magmatic evolution.

history,status and trend about the research of paleoseismology

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1999年第10期44卷 880-889页

作者： Yongkang Ran Qidong Deng Seismol Bur China Inst Geol Beijing 100029 Peoples R China

Paleoseismology was originated in the late nineteen century, but the modern paleoseismology formed at the end of the 1970s. Three stages (appearance, development and maturity) can be identified for paleoseismology in China. Great progress has been made in the aspects of trench technology, recognition signs, dating method and theoretical model, however,they are not developed to such a level at which the highly reliable data can be provided for the probability prediction of earthquakes. The main questions further concerned in the future include the study of geological evidence, chronology and displacement, the theoretical model about reliability, paleoearthquake feature in the region and large-earthquake reoccurrence, and new branches related with the paleoseismology in the stable continent region, usage of new technology and frontier sciences.

关键词： paleoseismology history development and questions trends.

Thermal and maturation history for Carboniferous source rocks in the Junggar Basin, Northwest China: implications for hydrocarbon exploration

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Petroleum Science 2020年第1期17卷 36-50页

作者： Di Hu Song Rao Zhu-Ting Wang Sheng-Biao Hu State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Innovation Academy for Earth Science Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources Ministry of EducationYangtze UniversityWuhan 430100HubeiChina

The reconstruction of thermal history is an important component of basin evolution and hydrocarbon *** on vitrinite reflectance data,we integrate the paleo-temperature gradient and paleo-heat flow methods to reconstruct the thermal history of Junggar *** with present thermal state,the Junggar Basin experienced much a higher heat flow of ca.80–120 mW/m2 during the *** feature can be attributed to large-scale volcanic events and related thermal *** hydrocarbon maturation history of Carboniferous source rocks indicates that the temperature rapidly reached the threshold of hydrocarbon generation during the Late Carboniferous and has never achieved such a high level since *** characteristic resulted in the early maturation of hydrocarbons in Carboniferous source ***,the results reveal that hydrocarbon maturities are different among various tectonic units in Junggar *** kerogen either rapidly broke through the dry gas period so that cracking of gas occurred or remained in the oil maturation window forming oil reservoirs,which depended on the tectonic background and depositional *** this study,we present the thermal and hydrocarbon maturation history since the Carboniferous,which has important implications for further hydrocarbon exploration in Junggar Basin.

关键词： Thermal history Hydrocarbon maturation modeling Vitrinite reflectance Carboniferous Source rocks Junggar Basin

A Formative history of Integrative Medicine in Hong Kong

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Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2019年第6期25卷 403-408页

作者： YU Edwin Chau-leung BIAN Zhao-xiang Hong Kong Association for Integration of Chinese-Western Medicine Hong Kong Baptist University

With Chinese medicine (CM) deeply rooted in Hong Kong's Chinese culture, empirical practice of CM has been the norm since the early days of Hong Kong, China. Western medicine (WM) had its humble beginnings in Hong Kong in the form of established services for colonial government staff;WM was subsequently extended to the Chinese population through missionary efforts. The scourge of the plague pestilenee in 1894 gave WM an advantage whence enforeed laws and regulations and the swing to scientific philosophy set a trend that snowballed WM dominance.

关键词： Formative history Integrative Medicine Hong Kong