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A method to evaluate REE-HFSE mineralised provinces by value creation potential, and an example of application: Gardar REE-HFSE province, Greenland

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Geoscience Frontiers 2020年第6期11卷 2141-2156页

作者： Graham J.Banks Símun D.Olsen Antonio Gusak Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Øster Voldgade 10DK-1350CopenhagenDenmark Permanent Address:Route to Reserves Ulriksdalvej 13Valby2500CopenhagenDenmark University of Copenhagen Øster Voldgade 10DK-1350CopenhagenDenmark

The rare earth elements and high-field-strength elements(REE-HFSE)exploration sector conducts most evaluations at deposit and smaller scales.It is not evident how the sector performs a preceding exploration stage—rating and prioritising REE-HFSE mineralised provinces—to determine which provinces are prospective enough to warrant investment.Here we present an objective,repeatable,low-cost method to screen any REE-HFSE province,as a foundation for district-scale investigations or asset evaluations.It is original for REE-HFSE screening,and adapted from regional scale copper,cobalt and petroleum exploration,and CO2 storage,screening methods.It is centred upon a mineralised province’s favourability for potential value creation,and to identify:(a)its main information gaps;(b)its weakest links;(c)its exploration maturity and remaining potential category;(d)how it compares against other REE-HFSE provinces;and(e)if further investigation is justified.This method incorporates geoscience,strategy,economic and socio-environmental factors in a way that is understandable and directly usable across stakeholder groups.The workflow is systematic,yet flexible enough to accommodate organisationspecific criteria,and usable for other commodities.It provides the platform to build a global REE-HFSE province map and database consistently across national boundaries and organisations.Categories for the extent of province exploration maturity and remaining mineral potential are proposed.We illustrate the applicability of these methods using the Gardar REE-HFSE Province(GRHP)of south Greenland.We conclude that it is a moderate size,frontier province that is currently of questionable favourability for value creation.To move GRHP into a positive favourability class,its current weak links need strengthening by research,government policy and industry stakeholders:evaluate the mineral system;integrate all information geospatially and place it in the public domain;help the region improve some community health and safety issues;convert some mineral

关键词： REE HFSE Province Screening Favourability Value

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金红石-榍石转变过程中元素地球化学行为——以雅鲁藏布江缝合带角闪岩为例

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岩石学报 2017年第8期33卷 2494-2508页

作者：赵令浩曾令森胡明月孙冬阳中国地质科学院地质研究所北京100037 国家地质实验测试中心北京100037

金红石边缘形成榍石冠状边结构在变质中-基性岩中普遍存在,是金红石与退变质流体携带的SiO_2与CaO作用的结果,反应形成的榍石微量元素特征受到金红石和流体的共同影响。雅鲁藏布江缝合带中角闪岩LZ06-04在抬升过程经历近等温降压退变质... 详细信息

金红石边缘形成榍石冠状边结构在变质中-基性岩中普遍存在,是金红石与退变质流体携带的SiO_2与CaO作用的结果,反应形成的榍石微量元素特征受到金红石和流体的共同影响。雅鲁藏布江缝合带中角闪岩LZ06-04在抬升过程经历近等温降压退变质作用,石榴子石分解导致同一样品中含石榴子石部分与不含石榴子石部分的退变质流体成分的差异。两种流体分别与金红石反应,对应形成的榍石具有相似的Nb、Ta含量和Nb/Ta比值特征,但截然不同的REE特征。榍石的Nb、Ta来源于金红石,残余金红石与含水流体再平衡Nb、Ta的分配系数增大,且D_(Nb)^(Rt/Fluid)≥D_(Ta)^(Rt/Fluid);虽然Nb和Ta在含水流体中都表现为不活动元素,但相对于Nb,Ta在含水流体中活动性较高。榍石的Zr-Hf体系特征受到锆石、石榴子石等矿物的综合影响,并且Zr-Hf在含水流体中表现出比Nb-Ta更高的活动性。榍石的REE特征受流体中REE特征、榍石与流体配分系数以及共生矿物的影响。在岩浆或变质体系,榍石形成过程中,REE富集矿物(如石榴子石、锆石、褐帘石、独居石、磷灰石等)形成或分解将影响榍石的REE分布特征或形成REE环带结构。含水流体中金红石退变质形成榍石反应的进行受流体中TiO_2、CaO和SiO_2活度的影响。因此榍石常见于钙碱性岩浆岩、富Ca基性变质岩和矽卡岩中。流体中CaO活度的变化影响榍石的形成,进而影响Ti、Nb、Ta在流体中的运移能力。俯冲板片产生流体在交代上覆富Ca地幔楔物质过程中形成榍石残留同样可以造成部分熔融体具有亏损HFSE特征。

关键词：榍石金红石退变质流体 HFSE REE

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Applicability of large-ion lithophile and high field strength element basalt discrimination diagrams

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2018年第7期11卷 752-760页

作者： X.L.Liu Q.Zhang W.C.Li F.C.Yang Y.Zhao Z.Li S.T.Jiao J.R.Wang N.Zhang S.S.Wang W.F.Chen Z.J.Pan J.Yang X.L.Du Faculty of Land and Resource Engineering Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingPeople’s Republic of China Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPeople’s Republic of China Chengdu Geological Survey Center of China Geological Survey ChengduPeople’s Republic of China School of Earth Science Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouPeople’s Republic of China

Basalt discriminant diagrams have been used to identify the tectonic setting of basaltic magmatism since the 1970s and have played an important role in reconstructing paleotectonic environments.However,the significant increase in the availability of geochemical data has led to a reassessment of these diagrams,suggesting that some of the tectonic settings indicated by these diagrams are not accurate.Here,we use a database of global ocean island basalt(OIB),mid-ocean ridge basalt(MORB),and island arc basalt(IAB)geochemistry to propose a series of new tectonic discriminant diagrams based on the ratios of large-ion lithophile elements(LILEs)to high field strength elements(HFSEs).These new diagrams indicate that the LILE can be used to differentiate OIB,MORB,and IAB samples,meaning that LILE/HFSE ratios can discriminate between these basalts that form in different tectonic settings.Our new diagrams can correctly assign samples to OIB,MORB,and IAB categories more than 85%of the time,with the discrimination between OIB and MORB having an accuracy of slightly less than 85%.

关键词： Basalt LILE HFSE discrimination diagram geochemistry

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Zooming in REE and Other Trace Elements on Conodonts:Does Taxonomy Guide Diagenesis?

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Journal of Earth Science 2021年第3期32卷 501-511页

作者： Luca Medici Martina Savioli Annalisa Ferretti Daniele Malferrari National Research Council of Italy Institute of Methodologies for Environmental AnalysisC.da S.Loja-Zona Industriale85050 Tito ScaloPotenzaItaly Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaVia Campi 10341125 ModenaItaly

Conodont elements are calcium phosphate(apatite structure)mineralized remains of the cephalic feeding apparatus of an extinct marine organism.Due to the high affinity of apatite for rare earth elements(REE)and other high field strength elements(HFSE),conodont elements were frequently assumed to be a reliable archive of sea-water composition and changes that had occurred during diagenesis.Likewise,the crystallinity index of bioapatite,i.e.,the rate of crystallinity of biologically mediated apatite,should be generally linearly dependent on diagenetic alteration as the greater(and longer)the pressure and temperature to which a crystal is exposed,the greater the resulting crystallinity.In this study,we detected the uptake of HFSE in conodont elements recovered from a single stratigraphic horizon in the Upper Ordovician of Normandy(France).Assuming therefore that all the specimens have undergone an identical diagenetic history,we have assessed whether conodont taxonomy(and morphology)impacts HFSE uptake and crystallinity index.We found that all conodont elements are characterized by a clear diagenetic signature,with minor but significant differences among taxa.These distinctions are evidenced also by the crystallinity index values which show positive correlations with some elements and,accordingly,with diagenesis;however,correlations with the crystallinity index strongly depend on the method adopted for its calculation.

关键词： bioapatite crystallinity index HFSE laser ablation mass spectrometry microdiffraction Normandy Ordovician

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皖南花山金矿化域蚀变岩体的地质地球化学特征及成因探讨

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安徽地质 1993年第1期3卷 42-48,80页

作者：杨书桐南京大学地球科学系

在皖南花山金矿化域,沿层间断裂及滑脱断层出露大量的中酸性次火山岩,岩体蚀变强烈,岩浆具有快速上升侵位,快速冷却的特点。在岩石地球化学特征上,主元素及其氧化物、大离子半径亲石元素(LILE)含量变化较大,反映了其主矿物的不稳定性,... 详细信息

在皖南花山金矿化域,沿层间断裂及滑脱断层出露大量的中酸性次火山岩,岩体蚀变强烈,岩浆具有快速上升侵位,快速冷却的特点。在岩石地球化学特征上,主元素及其氧化物、大离子半径亲石元素(LILE)含量变化较大,反映了其主矿物的不稳定性,另外风化剥蚀作用也较强,CIA值高达85;然而高场强元素(HFSE)、稀土元素(REE)含量变化较小,反映了其副矿物的相对稳定性及这两类元素的抗蚀变风化作用性,因此代表了蚀变前原岩的特征,岩体是在大陆弧环境下源岩经平衡部分熔融作用形成的同熔型花岗质岩石。

关键词：花山金矿化域 CIA HFSE REE LILE

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